Expandable Houses: An Explorative Life Cycle Cost Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Challenges in the Flemish Housing Market
1.2. Design for Change
1.3. Expandable Houses
2. Methods
3. Design of an Expandable House
3.1. Design Approaches for Expandable Houses
3.1.1. Case Studies of Expandable Houses
3.1.2. Design Approaches for Expandable Houses
3.2. Development of Household Scenarios
3.2.1. Scenario Development
- Scenario 1: Work from home.
- Scenario narrative 2: Couple with children.
- Scenario narrative 3: Kangaroo dwelling.
- Scenario narrative 4: Co-housing.
3.3. Elaboration of the Design Alternatives
3.3.1. Selection and Service Life Modelling of the Reference House
3.3.2. Design and Service Life Modelling of an Expandable House According to the ‘Core House’ Approach
4. Life Cycle Cost Analysis and Comparison
5. Results
5.1. Initial Costs
5.2. Comparison 1: Alternative Design Approaches
5.3. Comparison 2: Alternative Material Choices
6. Discussion and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Definition | Descriptive Indicators | |
---|---|---|
Periodicity | Number of years between two repairs | Rare, seldom, occasional, frequent |
Extensity | Share of elements that is subjected to damage | Ubiquitous, widespread, common, local |
Intensity | Fraction per element unit that has to be replaced | Complete, segmental, partial, fragmental |
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Nr. | Case Study | Place | Completion Date | Characteristics/Concept |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Quinta Monroy by ELEMENTAL [33,34] | Iquique, Chile | 2003 | Extensions, people architecture, cost-efficient |
2 | Skilpod by UAU Collectiv [35,36] | Belgium | 2016–today | Modular volumes, replaceable |
3 | Nakagin capsule tower by Kisho Kurokawa [37,38] | Tokyo, Japan | 1972 | Modular volumes, prefabrication, quick assembly |
4 | Sharifi-Ha House by Next Office [39] | Tehran, Iran | 2014 | Manipulation of volumes, box-in-box principle |
5 | Sliding House by dRMM Architects [40] | Suffolk, UK | 2009 | Manipulation of volumes |
6 | Aquitanis by Tetrarc Architects [41] | Bordeaux, France | 2016 | Modularity, core house, prefabrication |
7 | ME:LU by AB Design studio [42] | Los Angeles, USA | - | Modularity, reuse of containers |
8 | IbbN by Koos Van Lith [32] | Nijmegen, The Netherlands | - | Cost-efficient, kit-of-parts, rapid construction |
9 | The Next Home by Avi Friedman [43] | Montreal, Canada | - | Cost-efficient, over-dimensioning |
Conventional Building Elements | Alternative Building Elements | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Building Element | Material | Esl (Years) | Building Element | Material | Esl (Years) |
External wall | Brickwork EPS Concrete blocks Plaster board | 75 75 75 25 | External wall | Cement fiber board Wooden studs Wooden fiber board Mineral wool Timber frame Plywood | 25 50 30 75 74 25 |
External shared wall | EPS Concrete blocksPlaster boars | 75 75 25 | External shared wall | Mineral wool Timber frame Plywood | 75 75 25 |
Window | Aluminum framing | 75 | Windows | Aluminum framing | 75 |
Internal wall | Plaster board Sand-lime bricks Plaster board | 25 72 25 | Internal walls | Plywood Wooden battens Plywood | 25 72 25 |
Floor | Hardwood Concrete EPS Concrete slab Plaster board | 25 75 75 75 25 | Floor | Hardwood Plywood Wooden battens Mineral wool Plywood | 25 25 75 75 25 |
Ground floor | Laminate Concrete EPS Concrete slab | 30 75 75 75 | Ground Floor | Timber flooring Wooden fiber board Mineral wool Joists Bearer | 30 30 75 70 70 |
Roof | Roof tiles Rafters EPS Purlins Plaster board | 75 50 75 50 25 | Roof | Gravel PUR Timber frame Plywood | 70 75 75 25 |
Typology/Materials | Initial Cost |
---|---|
Reference house (Conventional materials) | EUR 93,222.55 |
Expandable house- Conventional materials | EUR 56,363.53 |
Expandable house- Alternative materials | EUR 50,808.56 |
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Cambier, C.; Galle, W.; De Temmerman, N. Expandable Houses: An Explorative Life Cycle Cost Analysis. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126974
Cambier C, Galle W, De Temmerman N. Expandable Houses: An Explorative Life Cycle Cost Analysis. Sustainability. 2021; 13(12):6974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126974
Chicago/Turabian StyleCambier, Charlotte, Waldo Galle, and Niels De Temmerman. 2021. "Expandable Houses: An Explorative Life Cycle Cost Analysis" Sustainability 13, no. 12: 6974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126974