Situation Analysis of Policies for Electric Mobility Development: Experience from Five European Regions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
- (1)
- Inventory of Mobility Policies and Initiatives (IMPI);
- (2)
- Conduction of SWOT and PESTEL analysis (based on IMPI);
2.1. Inventory of Mobility Policies and Initiatives
2.2. Conduction of Integrated SWOT and PESTEL Analysis
3. Data Analysis Results and Discussions
3.1. Mobility Policies and Initiatives
3.2. Integrated SWOT and PESTEL Analysis
3.2.1. Italy
3.2.2. Lithuania
3.2.3. Spain
3.2.4. Sweden
3.2.5. The Netherlands
4. Conclusions and Discussions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Region Name: | |||
---|---|---|---|
Inventory of Mobility Policies and Initiatives | City/Regional | National | EU |
Policy Type | |||
E-mobility – may include issues such as: taxation/value-added tax; energy pricing/regulations; incentives such as parking, access, and other; charging | |||
Urban planning – may include: land-use regulations, parking, energy efficiency levels, employee transport plans | |||
ICT-energy system (incl. REs and production and consumption) – may include issues such as: feed-in tariffs; net metering; funding by purchase; grid energy exchange measures | |||
Awareness and adoption (jobs, growth and investment) – include investment in REs/Sustainable environment; transport and ICT; new jobs in low carbon economy etc. |
Italy | Lithuania | Spain | Sweden | The Netherlands | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
National policies and initiatives | National Energy Efficiency Fund | National Energy Independence Strategy | Mobility Impulse Plan | Pump Act ensuring access to renewable fuels at fuel stations | National Charging Infrastructure Knowledge Platform |
Retrofit | National Transport Development Program | Vehicle impulse strategy with alternative energy (2014–2020)—Industry, Energy and Tourism Ministry | Climate Step giving grants, e.g., for charging infrastructure | ElaadNL knowledge center | |
National Strategic Framework | Lithuanian Long-Term Strategy for Development of the Transport System | Spanish strategy for sustainable mobility—Ministry of Development | Electric bus purchase subsidy | Formule E-Team | |
Incentives for the purchase of new cars with reduced CO2 emissions. | Feasibility study on Electric Transport Development | White Paper on Sustainability in Spanish Urban Planning—Ministry of Development | Public transport and cycling support by national climate goal to reduce greenhouse emissions from the transport sector by 70% compared to 2010 | Administrative Agreement on Zero-Emission Buses | |
Deduction in 10 years of 50% of the expenses incurred for the purchase and installation of a private charging station | Detailed EV Development Strategy report | Infrastructure, Transport and Housing Plan—2012–2024—Ministry of Development | State grant for purchasing environmentally friendly cars | Green Deal | |
Ecotax for polluting vehicles with emissions over 160 CO2 g/km | National Strategy for the Development of Renewable Energy Sources | Aid program for modal shift actions and more efficient use of modes of transport—Industry, Energy and Tourism Ministry | Solar panel investment support for private households | Association of Netherlands Municipalities | |
Energy Efficiency Action Plan | National Energy Efficiency Fund—Industry, Energy and Tourism Ministry | Regulation on Feed-in-tariff for private producers of solar energy/electricity | Energieakkoord (Energy Agreement) | ||
Forecast of the Use of Renewable Energy Sources | City environmental agreement supporting local transition projects | SDE+ (Stimulating Renewable Energy) | |||
Lithuanian Innovation Strategy for 2010–2020 | Grants for purchasing electric bikes (25% of prize) | Energy Top Sector—Urban Energy TKI | |||
Operational Program for Promotion of Cohesion for 2014–2020 | Political climate framework for Sweden—goal of net zero emissions 2045 | Energy Investment Allowance | |||
Guidelines for e-cars charging infrastructure | Power agreement for Sweden—fossil-free electricity production latest 2040 | Regeling Groenprojecten (Settlement Green Projects) | |||
Local/Regional policies and initiatives | Lazio Region Taxation Law | EV-charging schemes | PIRVEC Plan 2016–2019—Strategic Plan for the Deployment of Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles | Grants for increasing EV-charging infrastructure in the Stockholm region (based on State grants) | Clean Air policy in Amsterdam |
Retrofit | Public transport modernization | Strategy for the impulse of electric vehicles in Catalonia | Regional development plan for the Stockholm region | Metropole Region Amsterdam | |
SUMP policies regarding e-mobility | Park and Ride, Bike and Ride | Urban Mobility Plan—2013–2018. City of Barcelona | List of policy instruments for cities and municipalities | Mobility vision 2030 | |
Implementation of local fiscal policies | Master Plans for majority of cities | Urban Mobility Metropolitan Plan—Barcelona Metropolitan Area | Solar maps for entire region and City of Stockholm | Solar Energy Amsterdam | |
The Strategy for the Energy Plan of the Lazio Region | Mobility Masterplan—2013–2018 | Program mobility and space | |||
National Strategic Framework for e-infrastructures | National Agreement on Energy Transition in Catalonia—2016–2050 | Lelystadt sustainability framework | |||
Plan to improve air quality in Barcelona 2015–2018 | Mobility plan of Almeire | ||||
Program of Anti-air Pollution Measures |
Strengths | Weaknesses |
• National Energy Efficiency Fund supports sustainable mobility | • The weak relationship between enterprises, research, and public |
• Taxation policy | • Low awareness in the public sector |
• Increasing production of RE | • Lack of a clear National Legislative address strongly geared towards e-mobility |
• New buildings with EV-charging infrastructure | • Lack of National and Regional financial instruments for new policies |
• Local and regional initiatives funded by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport | • Limited competitiveness |
• Expansion of electric car-sharing | • High car ownership and congestion |
• Innovation is driven by great innovative companies | • Lack of needed funds to implement new infrastructures and technologies |
• Lack of true electrical corridors and recharge station infrastructure | |
Opportunities | Threats |
• Contribution to the Paris Climate Change Agreement | • High costs of EVs as a barrier of broad market penetration |
• Support of EU Directives | • Limited EV-charging infrastructure |
• New building regulations help to develop EV-charging networks | • Still very low degree of internationalization of enterprises |
• National Strategic Framework for e-infrastructures | • Strong dependence on traditional energy sources (oil products) |
• Three Year Plan for National Electricity Research | |
• An increasing number of EV models on the market | |
• Growing EV popularity |
Strengths | Weaknesses |
• Bus and taxi lanes for EVs | • Systematic approach to power demonstration |
• Ministry support | • The old age of the vehicle fleet |
• Good business connections with major EV development companies | • The absence of common EV policy and strategy |
• Strong positions of businesses and science in IT | • Lack of cross-ministry coordination and cooperation |
• Community activity in transport issues | • Low quality and unclear documentation regulating EVs |
• Competent vehicle restoration and repair businesses | • Lack of body responsible for infrastructure development |
• Allocated budget for e-mobility | • Lack of permanent legislation and politics |
• Low maintenance costs of EVs | • High purchase prices of EVs and batteries |
• Growing smartphone use | • Unknown approaches of traditional vehicle conversion to EV |
• Cost-competitive EVs in car share schemes | • Strong secondary market of old gas/diesel-powered vehicles |
• High car ownership | • Minimum taxation of vehicles |
• Developed EVs’ prototypes by universities | • Lack of sustainable/green procurement |
• Universities working on e-mobility technologies and applications | • Low public awareness of EVs |
• Planned EV-charging network | • Low resident purchasing power |
• High awareness of traffic-related environmental impact | • Prevailing attitude on large, sophisticated, diesel vehicles |
• The share of passengers’ cars powered by alternative fuels is 17% | • Undeveloped EV-charging infrastructure |
• Supporting EV websites | • Limited cooperation between municipalities and universities |
Opportunities | Threats |
• Unified and universal rules for EV-charging stations | • Lack of political support |
• Support mechanisms and subsidies | • Disagreement between national and EU legislation |
• Collective municipal actions | • Fragmented EV growth |
• Rejuvenation of national car pool | • Maintenance of free public EV-charging financed by all taxpayers |
• Independence from fast depleting petroleum | • Lack of EV-charging operator rules |
• Businesses and science engagement in the development of new markets | • EV-charging station installation requirements unclear |
• Registration tax for gas/diesel/petrol-powered vehicles | • The disadvantage of EU subsidiary rule |
• Car share competitiveness | • No single body for infrastructure development |
• Trade in surplus allowances of EVs | • Lagging political decisions |
• Sale of surplus pollution permits | • No direct income from EV promotions |
• Opportunities to obtain SUMP development funding | • Reduced fuel consumption reduces excise tax income |
• Understanding of sustainable transport benefits | • The strong second-hand vehicle market |
• Available support mechanisms and subsidies | • Limited EU funding for public transport modernization |
• Low emission zones and their accessibility | • Limited national funding for EVs and e-mobility |
• The planned network of public EV-charging stations | • Lithuania, one of five countries without subsidies for EVs |
• Better control and management of communal space around residential blocks | • The uncertainty of retrofitting of used EVs |
Strengths | Weaknesses |
• Strong political and financial support for EV-charging infrastructure’s development | • Irregular investment cycles |
• Number of initiatives for EVs’ purchase and cost- saving | • Private company spending of R&D of RE is lowest in Europe |
• The high potential of solar PV integration in electricity production compared with the rest of Europe | • Low share of purchases and ownership of EVs and hybrids compared to gas/diesel-powered vehicles |
• Mobility and congestion in Barcelona Metropolitan area has increased | |
• Missing public information on the advantages of e-mobility | |
• Limited experience with smart grid projects | |
• Limited infrastructure and EV service capacities | |
• High dependence on natural gas due to high accessibility in the cities | |
Opportunities | Threats |
• Keep the positioning of Barcelona related to e-mobility and smart grids | • Political issues regarding public accessibility and facilitation |
• Contribution to the reduction of greenhouse gasses in Europe | • Smart grid integrity is not territorially-balanced |
• Growing investments | • Price of electricity highly dependent on the price of natural gas |
• Positive market developments | • Resistance from car owners to use the car battery for temporary energy storage |
• Improved life quality | • Misinformation among citizens regarding EVs |
• A higher share of locally-generated energy in Barcelona | • The negative impact of Catalonia’s investments in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles |
• PRIVEC initiative to develop EV-charging infrastructure | • Current EV-charging infrastructure can be outdated due to technological advancement |
• Acceleration and motivation of R&D in the energy sector | • RE dependency on changing the weather and seasonal patterns |
• Easier introduction of new RE producers due to power grid regulations | • Higher purchase costs of ICT tools |
• Weak local power distribution | |
• Limited control of peaks and shifts in power demand | |
• Emissions of EVs depends on electric mix |
Strengths | Weaknesses |
• Clear targets of the agreements between government and agencies | • Many ambitious political decisions experience difficulties |
• EV stimulation has been politically accepted by regions and municipalities in the form of plans, targets, and incentives | • Transport policy does not match with the economic and political decisions |
• Good financial support for the development of EV-charging network | • High technology advancements increase risks of profitability |
• Stockholm’s initiative to install e-chargers and allocate parking places for no costs | • High investments, purchase price and operational costs limit use of EVs |
• National organizations and agencies promote ICT and EVs | • EVs have a high exception on the return of investments but the low expected second-hand value |
• Subsidies and tax reduction for EVs | |
• EV fleets and power procurement options are already operational | |
• E-mobility contributes to silent and healthy cities | |
• Positive attitude and lifestyle change | |
• Higher environmental awareness and consciousness | |
• Higher customer concentration around Stockholm | |
• People’s willingness to support the environment | |
• Electric and autonomous vehicles can increase public transport service coverage | |
• The power grid required by EV-charging network is already developed | |
• Most of the power in Sweden is renewable | |
Opportunities | Threats |
• Costs of the EVs can be shared between partners | • Conflicts between business economy and environmental needs |
• Synergies between political levels can reduce risks and costs | • Procurement model for municipalities is an obstacle for EVs |
• Tourism – a possibility to show EV advantages | • Budget limitations for high EV costs |
• Development of national supercharger network | • Subventions for fossil-based economy |
• Cheaper public and freight transport due to sharing economy | • Affordable private mobility solutions are a threat to public transport, walking and cycling |
• The good economic potential with light EVs | • Habits and attitudes are difficult to change |
• Possibility to produce “own” fuel (electricity) | • Weak power distribution locally |
• Local electricity production creates jobs | • Lower power supply security when uses from local sources only |
• Easy entry of new RE producers due to good power grid regulations | • Rapid technology advancement has a risk to be outdated |
Strengths | Weaknesses |
• Strong sustainability goals of Flevoland (in 2030—energy neutral, transport included) | • The complexity of integrated energy projects shows to be slow process |
• Active policy framework for solar PV promotion goals (goal is to create space for 1000 ha PV) | • Limited stakeholder cooperation |
• Part of the MRA Elektrisch programs to develop the charging infrastructure in the provinces Noord-Holland, Utrecht, and Flevoland | • Limited experience with integrated energy projects |
• Running projects of PowerParking and energy storage | |
• Culture of close public-private cooperation | |
• Regional inventory on the possibilities to combine wind parks and road infrastructure with PV | |
Opportunities | Threats |
• Spacious cities: large surfaces in the cities available for PV and for solar carparks | • Unstable/short-term national policies regarding EV support (no favorable conditions for hybrid cars anymore) |
• Decrease of PV, EV and charging equipment prices | • A large part of PV installation in rural areas → Connection with EV not so obvious |
• Interest for (temporary) energy storage is raised by energy companies | • Concerning EV promotion: lack of awareness among citizens, charging infrastructure is still limited |
• The market for second-life batteries is developing | |
• Funding opportunities | |
• Presence of a large number of lease companies in the province (Athlon, LeasePlan) | |
• Relatively modern energy network |
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Share and Cite
Petrauskiene, K.; Dvarioniene, J.; Kaveckis, G.; Kliaugaite, D.; Chenadec, J.; Hehn, L.; Pérez, B.; Bordi, C.; Scavino, G.; Vignoli, A.; et al. Situation Analysis of Policies for Electric Mobility Development: Experience from Five European Regions. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2935. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072935
Petrauskiene K, Dvarioniene J, Kaveckis G, Kliaugaite D, Chenadec J, Hehn L, Pérez B, Bordi C, Scavino G, Vignoli A, et al. Situation Analysis of Policies for Electric Mobility Development: Experience from Five European Regions. Sustainability. 2020; 12(7):2935. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072935
Chicago/Turabian StylePetrauskiene, Kamile, Jolanta Dvarioniene, Giedrius Kaveckis, Daina Kliaugaite, Julie Chenadec, Leonie Hehn, Berta Pérez, Claudio Bordi, Giorgio Scavino, Andrea Vignoli, and et al. 2020. "Situation Analysis of Policies for Electric Mobility Development: Experience from Five European Regions" Sustainability 12, no. 7: 2935. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072935