Bioeconomy—Spatial Requirements for Sustainable Development
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Land saving development: the development of compact settlement structures protects agricultural production areas. Compact settlements are based on planning principles like mixtures of functions, adequate density, nearness, development within settlement borders and the reuse of abandoned building land [3].
- Zoning agricultural priority areas: different planning systems make it possible to establish priority areas for agricultural land that are to be kept free of building and infrastructure development [4].
- Zoning ecological priority areas: The centralized, intensive production of agricultural raw materials leads, for example, to monotonous landscapes with large monocultures and few ecologically relevant landscape elements, which, in turn, lead to a loss of biodiversity and other negative outcomes. Therefore, cultural landscapes with a high amount of landscape elements can be protected in order to prevent further loss [5].
- Optimization of resource use: The spatial organization of the bioeconomy determines the resource intensity of production processes. For instance, a decentralized organization of the bioeconomy allows for the short-distance closure of material flows between agricultural production sites and processing sites, and saves related transport demands, emissions and infrastructure [6]. Moreover, the location of processing sites determines the possibilities of utilizing byproducts, e.g., waste-heat in district heating systems, which means that processing has to take place in or close to towns or cities. Furthermore, spatial organization might lead to the security or creation of jobs, especially in rural areas [3]. This is where a social dimension comes into play. Spatial planning can provide spatial preconditions to level out regional disparities and create livable conditions in rural areas.
- Planning processes: Bioeconomy transformation needs clear visions and a well-defined value base. Spatial planning can provide participatory processes to negotiate the value base for the bioeconomy transition, especially how much land shall be devoted to food, feed, fiber or fuel generation, and how related land use conflicts should be solved [7]. Spatial planning processes might also offer effective participatory involvement of relevant stakeholders, civil society and the general public [3].
- How is the spatial dimension reflected in national and transnational strategies, and which relevant terms can be identified?
- How are the five aforementioned spatial planning strategies reflected in the policy papers?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection of Strategies
2.2. Process of Coding
- Competition for land
- Land availability
- Land use planning
- Land use change
- Local use
- Local reuse
- Regional planning
- Regional scale
- Rural development
- Spatial
- Spatial planning
- Spatial development
- Transportation costs
3. Results
3.1. Codes Relating to “Measures, Actions, Initiatives”
3.2. Codes Relating to “Background/Status”
3.3. Codes Relating to “Guidelines/Policy Framework”
3.4. Codes Relating to “Strategic Objectives”
3.5. Codes Relating to “Introduction/Definitions”
3.6. Codes Relating to “Case studies/Examples”
3.7. Codes in Other Strategies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Strategy/Year of Publication | (Executive) Summary/ Abstract | Introduction/ Definitions | Vision | Background/Status | Challenges | Strategic Objectives | Guidelines/Policy Framework | Measures/Actions/Initiatives | Risk Factors | Scenarios/Prospects | Conclusions | Case Studies/Examples | Sum | Pages | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EC/2012 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 7 | 64 | [31] | |||||
EC/2018 | x | x | x | x | x | x | 6 | 107 | [32] | ||||||
AT/2019 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 7 | 71 | [37] | |||||
DE NPS/2014 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 8 | 80 | [26] | ||||
DE RS/2010 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 7 | 56 | [33] | |||||
DK/2013 | x | x | x | 3 | 12 | [38] | |||||||||
ES/2016 | x | x | x | x | x | 5 | 46 | [39] | |||||||
FI/2014 | x | x | x | x | x | x | 6 | 17 | [40] | ||||||
FR ST/2017 | x | x | x | x | 4 | 8 | [34] | ||||||||
FR AP/2018 | x | 1 | 12 | [35] | |||||||||||
GB/2018 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 11 | 30 | [41] | |
IE/2018 | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | 8 | 20 | [42] | ||||
IT/2017 | x | x | x | x | x | x | 6 | 76 | [43] | ||||||
LV/2017 | x | x | x | x | x | 5 | 32 | [44] | |||||||
NL/2018 | x | x | x | x | 4 | 8 | [45] | ||||||||
SE/2012 | x | x | x | x | x | 5 | 36 | [46] | |||||||
OECD/2009 | x | x | x | x | x | x | 6 | 18 | [13] | ||||||
CA/2019 | x | x | x | x | x | 5 | 35 | [47] | |||||||
NO/2016 | x | 1 | 8 | [48] | |||||||||||
USA/2012 | x | x | x | x | 4 | 48 | [49] |
Code | Cluster |
---|---|
Arable land | Land Quality + Landscape |
Availability - available | Availability |
Availability of biomass - Biomass availability | Availability |
Availability of food - Food availability | Availability |
Availability of raw material | Availability |
Availability of renewable resources | Availability |
Availability of resources - Resource availability | Availability |
Bio-based product | Renewable Resources |
Bioenergy | Energy |
Bioenergy production | Energy |
Biomass demand - Demand for Biomass | Demand |
Biomass supply - Supply of Biomass | Supply |
Biorefinery | Renewable Resources |
Bioregion | Region - Regional |
Brownfield | Land use + Change |
Competition | Competition |
Competition for arable land | Competition |
Competition for bioresource | Competition |
Consumption of land | Competition |
Competition for raw material | Competition |
Connectivity | Transport |
Consumption of land | Land use + Change |
Demand | Demand |
Demand for natural resources | Demand |
Demand for bioresources | Demand |
Demand for renewable resources | Demand |
Development | Development |
Distance | Transport |
Distribution | Transport |
District heating | Energy |
Energy | Energy |
Energy demand - Demand for energy | Energy |
Energy production - Production of energy | Energy |
Energy sector | Energy |
Energy security | Energy |
Energy supply - Supply of energy | Energy |
Food and nutrition security | Security |
Food and water security | Security |
Food demand - Demand for food | Demand |
Food insecurity | Security |
Food security - Food safety | Security |
Food supply - Supply of food | Supply |
Geospatial | Spatial aspects |
Indirect Land Use Change (ILUC) | Land use + Change |
Interregional | Region - Regional |
Land abandonment | Land Quality + Landscape |
Land availability - available land | Availability |
Land change | Land use + Change |
Land demand | Demand |
Land management | Land Quality + Landscape |
Landscape | Land Quality + Landscape |
Land take | Land Quality + Landscape |
Land Use - Use of land | Land use + Change |
Land Use Change - Change in land use | Land use + Change |
Land use planning - planning of land use | Planning |
Land use policy | Land use + Change |
Legislation | Strategic aspects + Objectives |
Local | Local |
Local bioeconomy | Local |
Local development | Development |
Local level | Local |
Local reuse | Local |
Local rural economy | Local |
Local use | Local |
Local, regional and global level | Local |
Locally | Local |
Multi-regional level | Region - Regional |
National strategic plan | Strategic aspects + Objectives |
Objectives | Strategic aspects + Objectives |
Planning | Planning |
Redevelopment | Development |
Region | Region - Regional |
Regional | Region - Regional |
Regional bioeconomy strategy | Region - Regional |
Regional development | Development |
Regional level | Region - Regional |
Regional planning | Planning |
Regional scale | Region - Regional |
Regional strategy | Region - Regional |
Renewable Energy | Energy |
Renewable energy production | Energy |
Renewable raw material | Renewable Resources |
Renewable resource | Renewable Resources |
Rural | Rural |
Rural and coastal area | Rural |
Rural area | Rural |
Rural development | Development |
Rural territories | Rural |
Security | Security |
Soil sealing | Land use + Change |
Spatial | Spatial aspects |
Spatial data | Spatial aspects |
Spatial development | Spatial aspects |
Spatial development planning | Planning |
Spatial energy planning | Planning |
Spatial planning | Planning |
Spatially | Spatial aspects |
Strategic | Strategic aspects + Objectives |
Strategic objectives | Strategic aspects + Objectives |
Strategic plan | Strategic aspects + Objectives |
Strategic planning | Strategic aspects + Objectives |
Supply | Supply |
Supply chain | Supply |
Transport - Transporting - Transportation | Transport |
Transport distance | Transport |
Transportation cost - Transport cost | Transport |
urban | Urban |
urban area | Urban |
urban development | Development |
urban farming | Urban |
urban planning | Planning |
urban region | Urban |
valuable land | Land Quality + Landscape |
value chain | Supply |
Strategy | EC 2012 | EC 2018 | AT | DE-NPS | DE-RS | DK | ES | FI | FR-ST | FR-AP | GB | IE | IT | LV | NL | SE | OECD | CA | NO | USA | Sum | Number of Strategies | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cluster | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Energy | 6 | 4 | 15 | 14 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 14 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 72 | 15 | |
Development | 5 | 9 | 3 | 12 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 66 | 15 | |
Land use + Change | 4 | 15 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 15 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 53 | 9 | |
Region - regional | 6 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 48 | 17 | |
Local | 5 | 11 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 47 | 13 | |
Supply | 5 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 12 | |
Rural | 6 | 11 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 36 | 11 | |
Transport | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 32 | 10 | |
Urban | 1 | 16 | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 9 | |
Land(scape) Quality | 5 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 31 | 10 | |
Demand | 7 | 3 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 30 | 9 | |
Availability | 1 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 12 | |
Renewable resources | 8 | 2 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 24 | 7 | |
Planning | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 23 | 11 | |
Strategic Objectives | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 9 | |
Security | 2 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 6 | |
Competition | 3 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 4 | |
Spatial aspects | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Sum of Codes per Strategy | 76 | 111 | 60 | 99 | 22 | 3 | 15 | 54 | 7 | 0 | 11 | 15 | 31 | 49 | 12 | 23 | 6 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 618 |
Strategy | (Executive) Summary/Abstract | Introduction/Definitions | Vision | Background/Status | Challenges | Strategic Objectives | Guidelines/Policy Framework | Measures/Actions/Initiatives | Risk Factors | Scenarios/Prospects | Conclusions | Case Studies/Examples | Sum | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chapter | |||||||||||||||
EC 2012 | x | 2 | x | 5 | 54 | 11 | 4 | 76 | [31] | ||||||
EC 2018 | x | 26 | 4 | 5 | 70 | 6 | 111 | [32] | |||||||
AT | x | 29 | 2 | 3 | 17 | 9 | x | 60 | [37] | ||||||
DE NPS | 17 | x | x | 25 | 3 | 31 | 9 | 14 | 99 | [26] | |||||
DE RS | 1 | x | x | 3 | 11 | 7 | x | 22 | [33] | ||||||
DK | x | x | 3 | 3 | [38] | ||||||||||
ES | 7 | 6 | x | x | 2 | 15 | [39] | ||||||||
FI | x | 6 | x | 27 | x | 21 | 54 | [40] | |||||||
FR ST | x | x | x | 7 | 7 | [34] | |||||||||
FR AP | x | 0 | [35] | ||||||||||||
GB | x | x | x | 9 | x | x | x | 2 | x | x | x | 11 | [41] | ||
IE | x | x | 6 | 3 | 3 | x | x | 3 | 15 | [42] | |||||
IT | x | 11 | 9 | 6 | 5 | x | 31 | [43] | |||||||
LV | x | 18 | x | 26 | 5 | 49 | [44] | ||||||||
NL | 3 | x | 9 | x | 12 | [45] | |||||||||
SE | x | x | 1 | x | 22 | 23 | [46] | ||||||||
OECD | x | 3 | x | x | 1 | 2 | 6 | [13] | |||||||
CA | 2 | x | 1 | x | x | 3 | [47] | ||||||||
NO | 8 | 8 | [48] | ||||||||||||
USA | x | 1 | 2 | x | 3 | [49] | |||||||||
Codes per Chapter | 28 | 27 | 0 | 159 | 17 | 59 | 97 | 193 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 10 | |||
Strategies per Chapter | 4 | 4 | 0 | 12 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
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Codes | Text | Strategy |
---|---|---|
Development Rural Coastal Supply Demand Regional Supply Chain Biorefinery | “The bioeconomy can significantly contribute to the future development of rural and coastal areas because it will promote both supply and demand actions with regional dimension, such as the creation of supply chains for residues and waste as feedstock for bio-based industries, setting up of a network of small-scale local biorefineries or developing aquaculture infrastructures.” | EC/2012 [31] (p. 27) |
Land take Redevelopment Brownfield Rural Area | “One way to reduce the rate of land take is through the redevelopment of brownfields to make better use of neglected land. Brownfield sites are derelict and underused or even abandoned former industrial or commercial sites, which may have real or perceived contamination problems. Redevelopment of these sites has many environmental advantages: relieving pressure on rural areas …” | EC/2018 [32] (p. 78) |
Available land Brownfield | “In order to have sufficient land available for sustainable production in the future, the use of soil for other purposes must be reduced. The decline in areas suitable for agriculture is to be counteracted by zoning and increased brownfield management.” | AT/2019 [37] (p. 29) |
Regional Energy Bio-based products | “Regional and decentralised initiatives offer the opportunity to organise regional materials cycles and energy cycles for biobased products directly at the appropriate location.” | DE NPS/2014 [26] (p. 21) |
Competition for land use | Furthermore, studies should also be carried out into whether and how food production will change though increasing competition for land use in Germany, and into the impact this may have on the EU internal market and the world market. | DE RS/2010 [33] (p. 37) |
Development Rural Urban | “The bioeconomy will thus bring with it new economic activities to drive development in the rural setting, and an interaction between rural and urban areas.” | ES/2016 [39] (p. 27) |
Land use planning Urban planning | “Promotion of bioeconomy growth must also have a role in land use and urban planning.” | FI/2014 [40] (p. 26) |
Code | Percentage | Cluster |
---|---|---|
Brownfield | 100 | Land use + Change |
Competition for arable land | 100 | Competition |
Consumption of land | 100 | Land use + Change |
Demand for renewable resources | 100 | Demand |
Food and water security | 100 | Security |
Land abandonment | 100 | Land Quality + Landscape |
Redevelopment | 100 | Development |
Soil sealing | 100 | Land use + Change |
Spatial development | 100 | Spatial aspects |
Spatial development planning | 100 | Planning |
Spatial energy planning | 100 | Planning |
Transport distance | 100 | Transport |
Urban planning | 100 | Planning |
Valuable land | 100 | Land Quality + Landscape |
Land take | 83 | Land Quality + Landscape |
Land Use Change | 82 | Land use + Change |
Spatial planning | 80 | Planning |
Transportation cost | 80 | Transport |
Rural and coastal area | 80 | Rural |
Competition for bioresources | 75 | Competition |
District heating | 75 | Energy |
Land use planning | 75 | Planning |
SDG | Energy | Development | Land Use | Regional | Local | Supply | Rural | Transport | Urban | Land Quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Goal 1 | X | |||||||||
Goal 2 | X | X | X | |||||||
Goal 3 | ||||||||||
Goal 4 | X | |||||||||
Goal 5 | ||||||||||
Goal 6 | X | X | ||||||||
Goal 7 | X | X | ||||||||
Goal 8 | X | |||||||||
Goal 9 | X | |||||||||
Goal 10 | ||||||||||
Goal 11 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Goal 12 | X | X | X | X | ||||||
Goal 13 | X | |||||||||
Goal 14 | ||||||||||
Goal 15 | X | X | X | X | X | |||||
Goal 16 | ||||||||||
Goal 17 | X |
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Grossauer, F.; Stoeglehner, G. Bioeconomy—Spatial Requirements for Sustainable Development. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1877. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051877
Grossauer F, Stoeglehner G. Bioeconomy—Spatial Requirements for Sustainable Development. Sustainability. 2020; 12(5):1877. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051877
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrossauer, Franz, and Gernot Stoeglehner. 2020. "Bioeconomy—Spatial Requirements for Sustainable Development" Sustainability 12, no. 5: 1877. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12051877