Mediating Effect of Positive Psychological Strength and Study Skills on Examination Anxiety among Nigerian College Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Positive Emotions Theory
1.2. Importance of Positive Psychological Strengths as Mediating Variable
1.3. Positive Psychological Strengths as Mediating Variable
1.4. Self-Efficacy as a Sub-Construct of Positive Psychological Strengths
1.5. Resilience as a Sub-Construct of Positive Psychological Strengths
1.6. Optimism as a Sub-Construct of Positive Psychological Strengths
1.7. Hope as a Sub-Construct of Positive Psychological Strengths
1.8. Research Objectives
- To determine the level of positive psychological strengths among Nigerian college students;
- To analyze the relationship between study skills and examination anxiety among Nigerian college students;
- To analyze the effect of positive psychological strengths as a mediating variable on examination anxiety among college students.
2. Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Procedure
3. Measures
3.1. Positive Psychological Strengths, Study Skills and Examination Anxiety
3.2. Reliability
3.2.1. Study Skills Questionnaire
3.2.2. Positive Psychological Strengths
4. Data Analysis
4.1. Objective 1 Levels of Study Skills
4.2. Objective 2 Relationship Between Study Skills and Examination Anxiety
4.3. Objective 3 Positive Psychological Strengths as Mediating Variable on Examination Anxiety among Nigerian College Student
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Positive psychological strengths
5.2. Hope as an Important Component of Positive Psychological Strengths
5.3. Optimism as Important Component of Positive Psychological Strengths
5.4. Self-efficacy as Potential Mediator under Positive Psychological Strengths
5.5. Resilience as a Prospective Mediator Variable under Positive Psychology
5.6. Relationship between Study Skills and Examination Anxiety among Nigerian College Students
5.7. Relationship between Positive Psychological Strengths and Examination Anxiety among Nigerian College Students
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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| PERSON 50 INPUT 50 MEASURED INFIT OUTFIT | |
| TOTAL COUNT MEASURE REALSE IMNSQ ZSTD OMNSQ ZSTD| |
| MEAN 59.4 21.0 -1.15 0.25 1.01 -.1 1.01 -.1| |
| S.D. 9.3 0.0 0.53 0.05 0.72 2.1 0.70 2.1| |
| REAL RMSE 0.26 TRUE SD 0.46 SEPARATION 1.77 PERSON RELIABILITY 0.76| |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| ITEM 21 INPUT 21 MEASURED INFIT OUTFIT | |
| TOTAL COUNT MEASURE REALSE IMNSQ ZSTD OMNSQ ZSTD| |
| MEAN 141.4 50.0 0.00 0.16 1.00 0.1 1.01 0.1| |
| S.D. 14.5 0.0 0.33 0.03 0.59 2.3 0.57 2.0| |
| REAL RMSE 0.16 TRUE SD 0.29 SEPARATION 1.78 ITEM RELIABILITY 0.76| |
| PERSON 50 INPUT 50 MEASURED INFIT OUTFIT | |
| TOTAL COUNT MEASURE REALSE IMNSQ ZSTD OMNSQ ZSTD| |
| MEAN 86.2 24.0 -.73 0.21 1.02 -.1 1.03 -.1| |
| S.D. 17.7 0.0 0.59 0.08 0.37 1.7 0.40 1.6| |
| REAL RMSE 0.22 TRUE SD 0.54 SEPARATION 2.48 PERSON RELIABILITY 0.86| |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
| ITEM 25 INPUT 24 MEASURED INFIT OUTFIT | |
| TOTAL COUNT MEASURE REALSE IMNSQ ZSTD OMNSQ ZSTD| |
| MEAN 179.6 50.0 0.00 0.13 1.00 0.0 1.03 0.1| |
| S.D. 13.4 0.0 0.20 0.01 0.18 1.1 0.23 1.0| |
| REAL RMSE 0.13 TRUE SD 0.16 SEPARATION 1.28 ITEM RELIABILITY 0.72| |
| PERSON 50 INPUT 50 MEASURED INFIT OUTFIT | |
| TOTAL COUNT MEASURE REALSE IMNSQ ZSTD OMNSQ ZSTD| |
MEAN 44.6 19.0 -.16 0.28 1.03 -.1 1.02 -.1 | |
|S.D. 7.9 0.0 0.55 0.06 0.42 1.6 0.41 1.6| |
REAL RMSE 0.29 TRUE SD 0.47 SEPARATION 1.63 PERSON RELIABILITY 0.73 | |
|----------------------------------------------------------------------------| |
ITEM 19 INPUT 19 MEASURED INFIT OUTFIT | |
| TOTAL COUNT MEASURE REALSE IMNSQ ZSTD OMNSQ ZSTD| |
| MEAN 117.5 50.0 0.00 0.17 1.01 0.0 1.02 0.1| |
| S.D. 12.4 0.0 0.31 0.01 0.18 1.1 0.20 1.1| |
| REAL RMSE 0.17 TRUE SD 0.26 SEPARATION 1.59 ITEM RELIABILITY 0.72| |
Level A | Level B | ||
---|---|---|---|
School | Gender | School | Gender |
School of Arts | Male (n = 11, 3.5%) | School of Arts | Male (n = 71, 22.5%) |
School of Education | - | School of Education | |
School of Language | Female (n = 6, 1.9%) | School of Language | Female (n = 59, 18.7%) |
School of Science | - | School of Science | |
Total | (n = 17, 5.4%) | Total | 130 (41.3%) |
Level C | Level D | ||
---|---|---|---|
School | Gender | School | Gender |
School of Arts | Male (n = 69, 21.9%) | School of Arts | Male (n = 13, 4.1%) |
School of Education | - | School of Education | |
School of Language | Female (n = 53, 16.8%) | School of Language | Female (n = 19, 6.0%) |
School of Science | - | School of Science | |
Total | 122 (38.7%) | Total | 32 (10.2%) |
Level E | Level F | ||
---|---|---|---|
School | Gender | School | Gender |
School of Arts | Male (n = 7, 2.2%) | School of Arts | Male (n = 2, 0.6%) |
School of Education | - | School of Education | |
School of Language | Female (n = 3, 1.0%) | School of Language | Female (n = 2, 0.6%) |
School of Science | - | School of Science | |
Total | 10 (3.2%) | Total | 4 (1.2%) |
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Khan, A.; Grema, M.A.; Latif, A.B.A.; Bahar, H.; Iswan, I.; S, S.; Baranovich, D.L.; Mohd Kosnin, A.B.; Rosman, A.S.; Mokhtar, M.; et al. Mediating Effect of Positive Psychological Strength and Study Skills on Examination Anxiety among Nigerian College Students. Sustainability 2020, 12, 1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041479
Khan A, Grema MA, Latif ABA, Bahar H, Iswan I, S S, Baranovich DL, Mohd Kosnin AB, Rosman AS, Mokhtar M, et al. Mediating Effect of Positive Psychological Strength and Study Skills on Examination Anxiety among Nigerian College Students. Sustainability. 2020; 12(4):1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041479
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhan, Aqeel, Mustapha Alhaji Grema, Adibah Binti Abdul Latif, Herwina Bahar, Iswan Iswan, Sriyanto S, Diana Lea Baranovich, Azlina Binti Mohd Kosnin, Arieff Salleh Rosman, Mahani Mokhtar, and et al. 2020. "Mediating Effect of Positive Psychological Strength and Study Skills on Examination Anxiety among Nigerian College Students" Sustainability 12, no. 4: 1479. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041479