Effect of High Concentrations of Wood Ash on Soil Properties and Development of Young Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Fertilization Effect on Soil Chemical Composition one Year Afterwards
3.2. Ten Years after Fertilization
3.3. Growth of Fertilized Trees
3.4. Dead Standing Tree Parameters
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variant | Tree Species | Seedling Height, cm | Aboveground Biomass, g | Root Mass, g | Root Mass % From Plant Mass |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Scots pine | 15.2 ± 0.3 | 3.11 ± 0.13 | 1.19 ± 0.05 | 27.7 ± 0.6 |
Medium before | Scots pine | 15.8 ± 0.4 * | 3.71 ± 0.17 * | 1.43 ± 0.08 * | 28.0 ± 0.8 |
Medium after | Scots pine | 14.9 ± 0.3 | 2.90 ± 0.11 | 1.26 ± 0.06 | 30.2 ± 0.7 |
High after | Scots pine | 14.9 ± 0.3 | 2.83 ± 0.12 | 1.16 ± 0.06 | 29.7 ± 0.7 |
Medium before | Norway spruce | - | 0.60 ± 0.04 * | 0.26 ± 0.02 * | 30.5 ± 0.9 * |
Control | Norway spruce | - | 0.53 ± 0.03 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 29.6 ± 0.7 |
Elements | Wood Ash Chemical Content, % [10] | Range of Wood Ash Chemical Content in Other Studies, % [32,33] |
---|---|---|
Phosphorus (P) | 0.92 | 0.3–1.4 |
Potassium (K) | 2.30 | 1.4–4.2 |
Calcium (Ca) | 22.0 | 7.4–33.1 |
Magnesium (Mg) | 1.50 | 0.7–2.2 |
Silicon (S) | 0.38 | 0.4–0.7 |
Iron (Fe) | 0.39 | 0.3–2.1 |
Manganese (Mn) | 0.67 | 0.3–1.3 |
Zinc (Zn) | 0.11 | 0.0004–0.0820 |
Copper (Cu) | 0.0054 | 0.0052–0.0289 |
Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.000125 | |
Boron (B) | 0.0158 | 0.0022–0.0225 |
Sodium (Na) | 0.093 |
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Jansone, B.; Samariks, V.; Okmanis, M.; Kļaviņa, D.; Lazdiņa, D. Effect of High Concentrations of Wood Ash on Soil Properties and Development of Young Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Sustainability 2020, 12, 9479. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229479
Jansone B, Samariks V, Okmanis M, Kļaviņa D, Lazdiņa D. Effect of High Concentrations of Wood Ash on Soil Properties and Development of Young Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Sustainability. 2020; 12(22):9479. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229479
Chicago/Turabian StyleJansone, Baiba, Valters Samariks, Modris Okmanis, Dārta Kļaviņa, and Dagnija Lazdiņa. 2020. "Effect of High Concentrations of Wood Ash on Soil Properties and Development of Young Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)" Sustainability 12, no. 22: 9479. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229479
APA StyleJansone, B., Samariks, V., Okmanis, M., Kļaviņa, D., & Lazdiņa, D. (2020). Effect of High Concentrations of Wood Ash on Soil Properties and Development of Young Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Sustainability, 12(22), 9479. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229479