Governance Mechanisms and Barriers for Achieving Water Quality Improvements in Galapagos
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Approach
- Task 1.
- Identified water resource concerns and current knowledge gaps based on existing scientific research by technical specialists (Circle A in Figure 1).
- Task 2.
- Used local stakeholder input gathered during participatory workshops to identify and prioritize needs and concerns (Circle B in Figure 1).
- Task 3.
- Revised government plans’ and used technical specialist and stakeholders’ inputs to identify completed and ongoing water resource plans, projects and initiatives (Circle C in Figure 1).
- Task 4.
- Evaluated areas of agreement in the needs identified by local stakeholders, technical specialists and established or proposed government programs to address those needs (overlapping circles A, B and C in Figure 1).
- Task 5.
- Evaluated each island’s results to propose alternate actions to generate information for decision making, develop plans and implement projects for water management and resiliency.
- Identify issues, challenges and opportunities: Workshop organizers divided participants into three tables, ensuring a diverse group of sectors was represented at each table. A theme was assigned for each table—water quality, water quantity, or climate change strategies—and, organizers facilitated a discussion on: (1) what is currently working well, (2) what is not working and (3) what improvements could be made. Participants then rotated through all the tables/themes and organizers clustered all the ideas to obtain key insights for the next activity.
- Identify financial and technical resource flows: Using the same rotational system as in the first activity, organizers asked participants to identify financial and technical resource flows related to insights from the first activity, including existing projects and the organizations involved.
- Prioritize issues and identify initiatives to address these: Within each table, participants prioritized the most pertinent challenges and opportunities from Activity 1 and the resources available to address the challenges identified in Activity 2. Then, organizers asked them to identify two or three priorities for the island. All groups shared their results through an interactive plenary session. Organizers and participants combined redundant strategies and developed new ones to fill gaps; then, each participant voted for the highest priority initiatives.
3. Results
3.1. Santa Cruz
3.2. San Cristobal
3.3. Isabela
4. Discussion and Recommendations
4.1. Water Infrastructure
4.2. Community
4.3. Research and Policy
- Develop measurable water quality objectives and get community participation in continuous monitoring, using strategies such as CS. In this case, getting community participation for collecting and analyzing water samples is not initially about obtaining quality data, but about getting concerned citizen participation and a sense of ownership and responsibility [69], consistent with managing commons. This process should be accompanied by researchers or officials collecting and sharing data while also educating citizens to improve data quality.
- Identify participatory approaches to monitor discharges of domestic sewage into communal sewers or water bodies. A concerned citizen brought up the issue of inadequate water discharges from septic tanks during one of the workshops. Though he proposed enhanced regulation, he also described his strategy to deliver the water for adequate treatment at a low cost. Positive deviance, where community members find creative solutions and whose ideas are uplifted and shown to other members, could be an adequate next step rather than focusing on sanctioning [72]. Further research would be required to pursue this option but would take a behavioral outlook, such as applying social pressure into policy-making, where citizens are rewarded for good practices [73]. This strategy could be particularly useful where funding for reinforcement is scant.
- Develop funding strategies to sustain these programs such as (i) adding a small fee to water bills for monitoring; (ii) designating a portion of the national park entrance fee to water projects; (iii) engaging university students in aiding community education and monitoring efforts.
4.4. Barriers Towards Progress, Water Governance and Transparency
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
KEYWORDS | SCOPUS | WEB of SCIENCE |
---|---|---|
Water and quality and Galapagos | 21 | 24 |
Water and resources and management and Galapagos | 14 | 22 |
Wastewater treatment and Galapagos | 1 | 1 |
Water contamination and Galapagos | 1 | 6 |
Water issues and Galapagos | 6 | 8 |
Water distribution and Galapagos | 52 | 70 |
Water access and Galapagos | 12 | 21 |
Initiative | Funding Allocation | Year | Project Status | PDOT Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Research | USD 14,250 | 2013 | Proposed | Payment or Contract for water samples analysis and monitoring. Responsible: Dirección General de Ambiente (DGA), Gobierno Autónomo Centralizado (GAD) Santa Cruz | |
No information | Proposed | Implementation and monitoring of water distribution and sewerage systems. | |||
Infrastructure | USD 69,752,346 | 2012–2016 | Running/Executed | Construction of: (1) a primary wastewater treatment facility in the community of Bellavista and Mirador; (2) an integrated sanitary sewer system and improvement of the potable water system in Puerto Ayora; (3) main potable water networks of El Mirador (executed); (4) a cistern in the rural area of Santa Rosa; (5) reservoir in Bellavista. Responsible: GAD Santa Cruz | |
USD 508,500 | 2013 | Proposed | Implement ecological systems for sewerage systems: Provide water to Miramar and Bellavista, resources maintenance, La Camiseta aquifer maintenance, sewerage for Barrio La Unión, water distribution system maintenance, construction of water networks. Responsible: Dirección de Obras Públicas (DOOPP) and DGA | ||
No information | Proposed | Maintenance of artificial wetlands. | |||
Community | No information | Proposed | Environmental education and communication campaigns and awareness campaign for the sustainable use of water. | ||
Policy | USD 228,184 | 2012 | Executed | Integrated Water Resource Management. Responsible: GAD Santa Cruz | |
USD 82,419 | 2016 | Executed | Creation of a guide with norms for environmental building and technology implementation according to the natural environment of the island: sustainable mobility system. Responsible: GAD Santa Cruz | ||
USD 25,000 | 2014–2015 | Proposed | Creation of a guide with norms for environmental building and technology implementation according to the natural environment of the island: ecological regeneration of coastal public spaces. Responsible: DOOPP and Secretaría Técnica de Planificación y Desarrollo Sustentable (STPDS) | ||
No information | Proposed | Creation and implementation of ordinances for wastewater management. | |||
Capacity Building | USD 252,308 | 2012 | Executed | Capacity building for the monitoring and control of sources of pollution: recovery of Las Ninfas Lagoon. Responsible: DOOPP and GAD Santa Cruz | |
USD 136,000 | 2013–2016 | Proposed | Capacity building for the monitoring and control of sources of pollution: consulting and recovery of Las Ninfas Lagoon, maintenance of Camiseta, Pozo Profundo and Mirador aquifers, maintenance of dry wetlands (PEA), wastewater treatment. Responsible: DOOPP, STPDS and Dirección General de Ambiente y Servicios Públicos (DIGAS) | ||
Total Invested | USD 70,315,257 | ||||
Total Proposed | USD 683,750 |
Initiative | Funding Allocation | Year | Project Status | PDOT Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
Infrastructure | USD 2,037,379 | 2014–2015 & 2017 | Executed | Sanitary sewer system for Manzanillo, Las Palmeras and el Gran Maestro. Responsible: GAD, Banco del Estado. |
USD 15,500 | 2014 | Executed | Cleaning and mitigation of drinking water pipes in Puerto Baquerizo due to contamination of the pipeline with some type of hydrocarbon. Responsible: GAD. | |
USD 49,964 | 2014 | Executed | Strengthening the operability of the water treatment plants: remodeling of the laboratory area and septic tank; Sanitary batteries and septic tank in drinking water plant in Las Palmeras; drainage relocation of the water treatment plant in the Las Palmeras. Responsible: GAD. | |
USD 17,000 | 2014 | Executed | Water quality monitoring. Responsible: SENAGUA. | |
USD 208,840 | 2015–2016 | Executed | Strengthening of drinking water and sanitary sewerage services in San Cristóbal canton, Galápagos. Responsible: GAD. | |
USD 2,000,000 | 2012 | Proposed | Construction of storm sewer network. Responsible: GAD, MIDUVI, ONGs. | |
USD 400,000 | 2012 | Proposed | Constructions of water tanks for Soledad, Goteras and Cerro Verde. Responsible: GAD, MIDUVI, ONGs. | |
No information | 2016 | In progress | Water quality monitoring in El Progreso. Responsible: PNG, GAD. Wastewater treatment plant and potable water plant monitoring (El Progreso and Las Palmeras). Responsible: GAD. | |
Policy | USD 200,000 | 2012 | Proposed | Integrated Water Management: Ensure the management, monitoring, control, remediation and recovery of water resources considering zones for capture, recharge and runoff. |
No information | Proposed | Program for Pollution Control: Creation and implementation of ordinance for wastewater management. | ||
Total Invested | USD 2,328,683 | |||
Total Proposed | USD 2,600,000 |
Initiative | Funding allocation | Year | Project Status | PDOT Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
Policy | No information | 2012–2016 | Proposed | Control, prevention and mitigation of the contamination of water as a contribution to the improvement of the quality of life and to guarantee the right to live in a healthy and ecologically balanced environment. |
No information | 2012–2016 | Proposed | Comprehensive water resource management program and water access plan. | |
No information | 2012–2016 | Proposed | Pollution control program | |
Community | No information | 2012–2016 | Proposed | Promote the participation of all social actors in the cantonal environmental management through the coordinated work between the sectional governments and the national environmental authority. |
Infrastructure | No information | Develop a potable water system that guaranteed the health of Isabella residents. | ||
USD 10,000.00 | 2012–2013 | In progress– No information | Implementation of freshwater collection systems, reservoir tanks. Responsible: GAD Isabela. |
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Island | Area | Population [20] | Main Urban Areas | Water Sources | Sewerage Network | WWTP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Santa Cruz | 986 km2 | 15,393 | 1. Puerto Ayora 2. Bellavista 3. Santa Rosa | • Four aquifers for municipal water supply (mainly brackish)- La Camiseta, Pozo Bellavista, Grieta Ingala, Vertiente Santa Rosa- • Seven aquifers for irrigation water supply | • No sewerage network. • 97.2% connected to septic tanks–1.9% to the public sewerage network | None |
San Cristobal | 558 km2 | 7199 | 1. Puerto Baquerizo Moreno 2. El Progreso | • Two main sources for municipal water supply (freshwater) - La Toma with El Progreso Drinking Water Plant and Cerro Gato with Las Palmeras Drinking Water Plant. • Three main sources for irrigation water supply | • Existing system connected to 99% of households. | Yes, since 2012 |
Isabela | 4640 km2 | 2164 | 1. Puerto Villamil 2. Tomas de Berlanga | • Three aquifers for municipal water supply (mainly brackish) -Chapin 1, Chapin 2, Grieta San Vicente. Desalinization plant since 2014. • Five aquifers for irrigation water supply | • Existing system connected to 30% of households | Yes, since 2015 |
Santa Cruz | San Cristobal | Isabela | |
---|---|---|---|
Task 1 | Policy: Finding suitable areas for wastewater management and system collection prior to urbanization. Other recommendations include closure of contaminated water sources, leakage reduction, use of septic tanks and sterilization of jugs used for drinking water. Research: Implementing an effective water quality monitoring program of the distribution system. | Infrastructure: Improved water and sanitary infrastructure. Construction of neighborhood-level cisterns to shift maintenance and cleaning responsibility of piped drinking water from residents to the municipality level and thus, increasing the frequency of post-treatment and improving water quality. Provide a safely managed drinking water source where limited freshwater quantities result in intermittent flow and require storage at the household level. Research: Water quality monitoring and evaluating the impacts of tourism on drinking water infrastructure. Community: Education and awareness of the importance of water resource conservation. | Infrastructure: Construct a new sewer system in Puerto Villamil, since the current system and pipe conditions may be sources of contamination. The drinking water treatment plant currently works but could be improved with chlorination. Policy: Closure of contaminated water sources and mitigation actions to recover those water sources. Community: Local stakeholders’ involvement and participation on regional water and wastewater plants to ensure success. |
Task 2 | Research and infrastructure: Bioremediation of domestic effluents in the Galapagos, for example, include a secondary wastewater treatment using native microorganisms to stabilize organic matter and remove nutrients. Policy: Establish a sanitary water management system to monitor water quality and protect water sources. Community: Inter-institutional collaboration focused on using infrastructure for participatory monitoring. | Infrastructure, Policy and Community: Implementing alternatives for capture, treatment, use, reuse and final disposal of water at the household and municipal levels. Infrastructure: Upgrade the WWTP for water reuse. Policy: Foster the continuity of the water quality monitoring program and its scaling to other islands. | Community: Awareness campaigns about the maintenance of septic tanks and waste management and their effects on water quality. Infrastructure: Increase infrastructure for runoff and wastewater treatment facilities as well as reservoirs. Capacity Building: Training to have adequate human resources for water quality control. |
Island | Initiative | Actions |
---|---|---|
Santa Cruz | Infrastructure | Develop a biological wastewater treatment plant to stabilize organic matter, remove nutrients and improve water quality overall. |
Create and maintain constructed wetlands for water quality control | ||
Research and Policy | Implement water quality monitoring programs. | |
Study the impact of degraded water quality on the health of local people and the environment. | ||
Improve water management system. | ||
San Cristobal | Infrastructure | Develop reservoirs and natural infrastructures such as wetlands for capture and storage of stormwater and improved quality control. |
Strengthen the operability of the water treatment plants and the wastewater treatment plant. | ||
Research and Policy | Examine alternatives for water treatment, use and reuse. | |
Ensure the continuity of an effective water quality monitoring program. | ||
Study the impact of degraded water quality on the health of local people and the environment. | ||
Develop a water ordinance that addresses the functionality of running water and wastewater treatment facilities. | ||
Implement policy requiring the cleaning and maintenance (i.e., prevent leaks) of drinking water pipes. | ||
Isabela | Infrastructure | Develop a new sewerage system and freshwater collection systems (reservoirs and rainwater collection systems). |
Strengthen the operability of the water treatment plants. | ||
Research and Policy | Study the impact of degraded water quality on the health of local people and the environment. | |
Control, prevent and mitigate water contamination. | ||
Community | Increase the involvement and participation of all social actors to secure the effectiveness of an integrated water management plan. |
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Mateus, C.; Valencia, M.; DiFrancesco, K.; Ochoa-Herrera, V.; Gartner, T.; Quiroga, D. Governance Mechanisms and Barriers for Achieving Water Quality Improvements in Galapagos. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8851. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218851
Mateus C, Valencia M, DiFrancesco K, Ochoa-Herrera V, Gartner T, Quiroga D. Governance Mechanisms and Barriers for Achieving Water Quality Improvements in Galapagos. Sustainability. 2020; 12(21):8851. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218851
Chicago/Turabian StyleMateus, Cristina, Melanie Valencia, Kara DiFrancesco, Valeria Ochoa-Herrera, Todd Gartner, and Diego Quiroga. 2020. "Governance Mechanisms and Barriers for Achieving Water Quality Improvements in Galapagos" Sustainability 12, no. 21: 8851. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218851
APA StyleMateus, C., Valencia, M., DiFrancesco, K., Ochoa-Herrera, V., Gartner, T., & Quiroga, D. (2020). Governance Mechanisms and Barriers for Achieving Water Quality Improvements in Galapagos. Sustainability, 12(21), 8851. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12218851