What Do Students Know about Rivers and Their Management? Analysis by Educational Stages and Territories
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Design and Distribution
2.2. Assessment of Survey Responses
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Ecosystem Concept of Rivers
3.2. River Management
4. Discussion
4.1. Ecosystem Concept of Rivers
4.2. River Management
4.3. Differences among Educational Levels and Territories
4.4. Final Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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R Spearman | Response |
---|---|
−0.930 | 1.d. Living beings that inhabit rivers: Birds, mammals, and other vertebrates. |
−0.917 | 1.b. Living beings that inhabit rivers: Trees, brushes, herbs. |
−0.911 | 2.c. Elements that are positive for river biodiversity: Riparian forests. |
−0.901 | 2.a. Elements that are positive for river biodiversity: Sediment (i.e., rocks, cobbles, sand, clay). |
−0.866 | 4.c. Best methodology to assess river conservation status: Bioindicators. |
−0.864 | 1.e. Living beings that inhabit rivers: Microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi). |
−0.837 | 5.d. Image of the best-conserved river transect: Image d, well-conserved headwater stream. |
−0.829 | 1.c. Living beings that inhabit rivers: Insects. |
−0.707 | 2.e. Elements that are positive for river biodiversity: Tree plantations in the riparian area. |
0.750 | 3.a. Greatest impact on rivers nowadays: Pollution caused by cities and towns. |
0.865 | 4.b. Best methodology to assess river conservation status: To quantify trash. |
0.934 | 5.b. Image of the best-conserved river transect: Image b, urban stream after a “cleaning” action. |
R Spearman | Response |
---|---|
−0.835 | 9.e. General management measure: Reducing fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. |
−0.760 | 7.c. Best measure to reduce flooding risk: Renaturalize rivers. |
0.706 | 7.b. Best measure to reduce flooding risk: Walls in river shores. |
0.730 | 9.b. General management measure: Channelizing rivers in cities and towns. |
0.782 | 9.d. General management measure: Increasing water price to reduce consumption. |
0.834 | 7.d. Best measure to reduce flooding risk: Dredging and cleaning. |
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Ladrera, R.; Rodríguez-Lozano, P.; Verkaik, I.; Prat, N.; Díez, J.R. What Do Students Know about Rivers and Their Management? Analysis by Educational Stages and Territories. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8719. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208719
Ladrera R, Rodríguez-Lozano P, Verkaik I, Prat N, Díez JR. What Do Students Know about Rivers and Their Management? Analysis by Educational Stages and Territories. Sustainability. 2020; 12(20):8719. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208719
Chicago/Turabian StyleLadrera, Rubén, Pablo Rodríguez-Lozano, Iraima Verkaik, Narcís Prat, and José Ramón Díez. 2020. "What Do Students Know about Rivers and Their Management? Analysis by Educational Stages and Territories" Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8719. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208719