From Multidisciplinarity to Transdisciplinarity and from Local to Global Foci: Integrative Approaches to Systemic Resilience Based upon the Value of Life in the Context of Environmental and Gender Vulnerabilities with a Special Focus upon the Brazilian Amazon Biome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Scope and Objectives of the Study
- (1)
- The epistemological systemic view of life.
- (2)
- The ontological awareness of inner processes of creation.
- (3)
- The social-epistemological gender vulnerability and equality frameworks.
2. Methodology
- (i)
- The Systemic View of Life (epistemological approach).
- (ii)
- The Value/Worth of Life (ontological approach).
- (iii)
- The Gender Equality principle (social epistemological approach).
- (i)
- It is a domain of reflections for the Brazilian co-authors and others.
- (ii)
- It is a case for reflections on an eco-social system suffering from ecological vulnerabilities, social inequalities and unsustainable lock-in mechanisms (learning effects, economies of scale, economies of scope, technological interrelatedness, collective action, institutional learning effects and the differentiation of power) [21].
- (iii)
- It is a case where the authors could effectively articulate by using inputs from each of the disciplines used in the analysis. This was essential for grasping the full scope (community resilience and resilience of an individual who needs to be strong enough to overcome any adversity without failing).
- (a)
- The individual’s vulnerability and resilience.
- (b)
- The social-ecological system’s vulnerability and resilience taking the example of the Amazon biome and gender vulnerabilities.
3. Case Study: Going Through Amazon’s Vulnerabilities
- It has been facing challenges inherent to the development projects in progress in the countries of the Amazon region, designed to promote social and economic progress with environmental conservation and climate change.
- In the field of Brazilian legislation, there was no improvement in any law to help to maintain the integrity of the Brazilian forests.
- Lock-in mechanisms based on the dominant ideology attract financial incentives from national and international investors for vegetable bio-extraction, thereby enabling big companies to remove invaluable raw materials to produce their products at no controlled rate [21].
- The ecosystem of the Amazon region is an important reservoir of biodiversity and local natural resources, which plays significant roles in serving essential functions in climatic balance with biospheric–atmospheric exchanges on regional and global scales [22].
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) focused upon the factors of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity in defining vulnerability as the predisposition to be adversely affected [23].
- Exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity are influencing vulnerability according to characteristics inherent to the human or natural system of interest.
- In addition, understanding the geography of vulnerability to climate change results in more integrated disaster risk management, reducing the exposure of human and ecological assets and identification of particularly vulnerable populations [24].
3.1. Moving Across Vulnerabilities
3.1.1. Vulnerability One: Deforestation and Biodiversity Loss
- (1)
- Restoration and conservation of unprotected, degraded ecosystems.
- (2)
- Retaining the remaining strongholds of intactness.
3.1.2. Vulnerability Two: Wildfires’ Risk (Climate Change-Based Hazard)
3.1.3. Vulnerability Three: Women Differentiated Vulnerability
- (i)
- They constitute most of the population.
- (ii)
- They constitute the majority of the poor.
- (iii)
- Their livelihood is more dependent on natural resources that are threatened by climate change.
- (iv)
- They face social, cultural, economic, and political barriers that limit their coping capacity.
3.2. Changing the Game in the Brazilian Amazon: Why a Change Is Needed?
- (i)
- Multifunctional and traditional ecosystem management.
- (ii)
- Proactive management of transformed ecosystems.
- (iii)
- Use of novel adaptation services, collective ecosystem management, and appreciating, and valuing adaptation services.
4. From Vulnerabilities to Systemic Resilience: Linking Research Questions and Disciplines to Concepts and Measurements
4.1. Research Questions
- At the Conceptual Level:
- ▪
- How is resilience defined?
- ▪
- How is resilience measured?
- At the Individual Level:
- ▪
- To what extent must the subject (he/she) cope?
- ▪
- Under which contexts?
- ▪
- If adversity is an overload on an individual’s life, how can the individual overcome this adversity? Alone? By co-working?
- At the Political/Ideological Level:
- ▪
- Are there any hidden denials of fragilities and vulnerabilities in the current discourse of resilience and dominant ideologies?
- ▪
- Are people/communities/women/biomes at the mercy of “usual and controlling-the-risks strategies”, lock-in mechanisms, and colonial/patriarchic dominant ideological patterns of the Anthropocene?
- ▪
- Are the untold dimensions of adversity the barriers for the continuation of the lock-in mechanisms and anthropocentric-dominant ideology?
- At the Eco-Philosophical Level:
- ▪
- What new paradigm is required for making the needed changes?
- ▪
- Can the framework of human–nature unity and interconnectedness against the dichotomy of nature–human framework dominant in the Anthropocene bring this shift?
- ▪
- How can the awareness of the systemic view of life through the awakening of the inner processes of creation lead to decision-making for improved well-being and resilient lives?
- (i)
- The sovereignty of the “Self”.
- (ii)
- She/He can reason.
- (iii)
- She/He can use a language.
- (iv)
- She/He is a subject who is willing to learn a new ideology.
- (a)
- How is resilience defined?
- (b)
- How is resilience evaluated?
4.2. Disciplines-Definitions
4.3. Concepts of Resilience
- ▪
- The first generation defined resilience as “the adaptability of the individual, who can handle and overcome adversity”. Based upon that, “Positive Psychology” emerged.
- ▪
- The second generation added the term “positive adjustment”, it encouraged individuals to be stronger and more productive, as it favored the development of the potential of individuals to make them stronger and more productive.
4.4. Measuring Resilience
5. Why Do We Need a Resilience Approach within the Systemic View of Life Framework?
5.1. Research Questions
- (a)
- Resilience of whom to what?
- (b)
- To what extent must she/he cope?
- (c)
- Under what circumstances?
- (d)
- If adversity is an overload on individual’s lives, how can this individual overcome this adversity? Alone? With help?
- (a)
- Are there any hidden denials of fragilities and vulnerabilities in the current discourse of resilience?
- (b)
- Are the untold details of adversity the prime causes for the continuation of the lock-in mechanisms and for anthropocentric dominant ideologies?
- (c)
- Are we at the mercy of being the ideal subject of the dominant ideology of the Anthropocene?
- (d)
- Are people/communities/biomes at the mercy of “usual and controlling strategies”, lock-in mechanisms and colonial/patriarchic dominant ideological patterns of the Anthropocene?
- (e)
- How do we analyze transformational socio-ecological capacities and stimulate transitions towards resilient and sustainable societal patterns and norms?
- (f)
- What new paradigm is required to help to catalyze the urgently needed changes?
- (g)
- Can the framework of human–nature unity and interconnectedness against the dichotomy of nature–human dominant in the Anthropocene help to catalyze the needed paradigm shift?
- (h)
- Can awareness of the implications of the systemic view of life through the awakening of the inner processes of creation lead to proper decision-making and result in well-being and a resilient life?
5.2. Looking at Systemic Resilience through Psychoanalytical and Political Lenses
- (a)
- If adversity is evaluated as an overload, how can an individual overcome the adversity without the support of the community, region and state?
- (b)
- Does the “untold” of adversity qualify as the ideal subject for the dominant ideologies?
5.3. Are We at the Mercy of Being the Ideal Subject of the Dominant Ideology of the Anthopocene?
5.4. Looking to Systemic Resilience through Eco-Philosophical Lenses
- (a)
- Its dimensions: it is a truly global phenomenon.
- (b)
- Its time: it has intergenerational effects.
- (c)
- Our incapacities: our theoretical tools are underdeveloped (international justice, intergenerational ethics, scientific uncertainty).
5.5. Looking to Resilience through Gender Lenses
- (a)
- Effectiveness (the extent to which the intervention achieved its objectives).
- (b)
- Efficiency (the degree to which gender equality results are achieved at a reasonable cost).
- (c)
- Relevance (the extent to which the intervention attends to the different problems and needs of women and men).
- (d)
- Impact (intervention to a broader policy on gender equality).
- (e)
- Sustainability (inclusion of strategic gender needs in the intervention).
6. Proposing an Approach/Vision for Systemic Resilience and Transformation by Integrating the Systems View of Life Knowledge and Consciousness of the Worth/Value of Life
7. Outcomes
7.1. The Genesis of This Paper
7.2. Moving from Multidisciplinarity to Inderdisciplinarity and Transdisciplinarity
7.3. Proposing an Approach/Vision Not a Model
7.4. From Local to Global
7.5. Emphasis upon the Need of Humanistic Care and Transformation
7.6. Reducing Fuzziness
8. Recommendations
8.1. Future Planning in the Brazilian Amazon
- (1)
- Transformations can be focused upon three challenges: (a) reducing deforestation and resource consumption, (b) integrating social and environmental criteria alongside economic interests in decision-making, (c) empowering women, mitigating the impacts, and adapting to climate change.
- (2)
- Current patterns of deforestation generate an inherent and naturally inefficient metabolism, which causes extensive and rapid biodiversity losses. The cross-scale impacts of this metabolic behavior hinder sustainable development and resilience.
- (3)
- Workers with native communities in Brazilian Amazon region need to acknowledge gender-differentiated vulnerability of the impacts of climate change and natural hazards and help them to expand their resilience and capacities to act and adapt.
8.2. Individual’s Attitudes
- Participate with a systemic resilience approach rooted in ecology, diversity, gender equality, societal transformation (actional level) and ethical principles.
- Look at the earth system to understand what is happening (epistemological level).
- Conceive of yourself as having agency, capable of intervening in essential planetary processes at the local and global scale (ontological level).
- Reflect on the fact that exclusion of the subject observed in the discourse of the “controlling the risk” ideology is based upon conviction that one’s life is determined and treated as a mere object.
- Defend your subjectivity by giving significance to your identity as part of your life.
- Develop perceptions and consciousness of the inner wisdom, which emerges in self-expression by focusing upon the processes of awakening the wisdom from within. This can lead to a better understanding of your responsibility towards helping societies to live sustainably, to adapt and to be resilient in the contexts of disasters.
- Empower women and participate in gender-sensitive strategies towards decreasing vulnerabilities that are of paramount urgency.
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACM | adaptive collaborative management |
AS | adaptation services |
CC | Climate Council |
CGIAR | Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers |
CIFOR | Center for International Forestry Research |
CO2 | carbon dioxide |
ER | equitable resilience |
FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
FLR | forest and landscape restoration |
GE | gender equality |
GEC | global environmental change |
GHGs | greenhouse gas |
GLP | Global Land Program |
ILC | International Land Coalition |
INPE | Brazilian National Spatial Research Institute |
INPE | Brazilian National Spatial Research Institute |
MSF | multi-stakeholder forums |
NbS | nature-based solutions |
NGOs | non-governmental organizations |
SCC | systemic change concept |
SD | sustainable development |
SDGs | sustainable development goals |
SR | spiritual resilience |
UN | United Nations |
UNDP | United Nations Development Program |
UNFCCC | United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |
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Zabaniotou, A.; Syrgiannis, C.; Gasperin, D.; de Hoyos Guevera, A.J.; Fazenda, I.; Huisingh, D. From Multidisciplinarity to Transdisciplinarity and from Local to Global Foci: Integrative Approaches to Systemic Resilience Based upon the Value of Life in the Context of Environmental and Gender Vulnerabilities with a Special Focus upon the Brazilian Amazon Biome. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8407. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208407
Zabaniotou A, Syrgiannis C, Gasperin D, de Hoyos Guevera AJ, Fazenda I, Huisingh D. From Multidisciplinarity to Transdisciplinarity and from Local to Global Foci: Integrative Approaches to Systemic Resilience Based upon the Value of Life in the Context of Environmental and Gender Vulnerabilities with a Special Focus upon the Brazilian Amazon Biome. Sustainability. 2020; 12(20):8407. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208407
Chicago/Turabian StyleZabaniotou, Anastasia, Christine Syrgiannis, Daniela Gasperin, Arnoldo José de Hoyos Guevera, Ivani Fazenda, and Donald Huisingh. 2020. "From Multidisciplinarity to Transdisciplinarity and from Local to Global Foci: Integrative Approaches to Systemic Resilience Based upon the Value of Life in the Context of Environmental and Gender Vulnerabilities with a Special Focus upon the Brazilian Amazon Biome" Sustainability 12, no. 20: 8407. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208407
APA StyleZabaniotou, A., Syrgiannis, C., Gasperin, D., de Hoyos Guevera, A. J., Fazenda, I., & Huisingh, D. (2020). From Multidisciplinarity to Transdisciplinarity and from Local to Global Foci: Integrative Approaches to Systemic Resilience Based upon the Value of Life in the Context of Environmental and Gender Vulnerabilities with a Special Focus upon the Brazilian Amazon Biome. Sustainability, 12(20), 8407. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208407