Multidimensional Poverty among Female Householders in Korea: Application of a Latent Class Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Background
2.1. Multidimensional Poverty
2.2. Latent Class Analysis
3. Method
3.1. Data
3.2. Selection of Poverty Indicators
3.3. Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Correlation between Dimensions
4.2. The Number of Poverty Groups
4.3. Types of Latent Classes
4.4. Demographic Characteristics Based on Latent Class Type
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Funding
Ethical Approval
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n (%) | |
---|---|
Age | |
≤29 | 50 (2.2) |
30–39 | 66 (3.0) |
40–49 | 133 (6.1) |
50–59 | 273 (12.5) |
60–69 | 361 (16.5) |
70–79 | 795 (36.3) |
≥80 | 514 (23.4) |
Marital status | |
Married | 146 (6.7) |
Unmarried | 2046 (93.3) |
Education | |
No education | 633 (28.9) |
Elementary school | 810 (37.0) |
Middle school | 269 (12.3) |
High school | 302 (13.8) |
College or above | 178 (8.1) |
Area | |
Metropolitan city | 304 (13.9) |
Large city | 581 (26.5) |
Small and medium-sized city | 749 (34.2) |
County | 496 (22.6) |
Urban–rural complex county | 62 (2.8) |
Domain | Indicators | Cutoffs: Deprived If |
---|---|---|
Money | Household income with equivalence scale | Less than 50% of median income |
Household net assets | Less than basic property based on Statistics Korea data | |
Health | Subjective health condition | “Inclined not to be healthy,” “health condition is very bad” |
Financial approach to medical service | Ratio of medical expenditure to disposable income, ratio exceeds 20% | |
Housing | Location of house | Basement floor, semi-basement floor, rooftop |
Type of house | Temporary building, rental apartment, vinyl greenhouse, mud hut, shack, temporary makeshift, permanent rental apartment, national rental apartment, housing in non-residential building (arcade, factory, etc.) | |
House cost | Ratio of housing cost to disposable income, ratio (rent + maintenance cost) exceeds 30% | |
Employment | Work ability | No economic activity due to lack of working ability |
Participation in economic activity | Temporary job, day worker, self-supported worker, public worker, senior citizen worker, unpaid family worker, jobless, economically inactive | |
Social security | Health insurance | Uninsured, insurance defaulter |
Human relations | Family relationship satisfaction | Very unsatisfactory, inclined to be unsatisfactory |
Social relationship | Very unsatisfactory, inclined to be unsatisfactory |
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Money | 1 | |||||
2. Housing | 0.042 * | 1 | ||||
3. Health | 0.119 *** | 0.22 *** | 1 | |||
4. Employment | 0.211 *** | 0.068 *** | 0.170 *** | 1 | ||
5. Human relations | 0.051 ** | 0.118*** | 0.110 *** | 0.105 *** | 1 | |
6. Social security | 0.096 *** | 0.302*** | 0.090 *** | 0.176 *** | 0.207 *** | 1 |
Number of Groups (K) | |||
---|---|---|---|
2 | 3 | 4 | |
LL χ2 | 102.628 | 53.644 | 45.790 |
df | 50 | 43 | 36 |
p-value | 0.000 | 0.1281 | 0.127 |
AIC | 10,483.589 | 10,448.866 | 10,455.012 |
BIC | 10,557.589 | 10,542.312 | 10,608.164 |
Adjusted BIC | 10,516.287 | 10,498.769 | 10,522.381 |
Entropy | 0.751 | 0.847 | 0.875 |
Status of Poverty | Latent Classes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 (n = 451) | Type 2 (n = 1096) | Type 3 (n = 601) | ||
Money | No | 0.000 | 0.041 | 0.011 |
Yes | 1.000 | 0.959 | 0.989 | |
Housing | No | 0.584 | 0.894 | 0.964 |
Yes | 0.416 | 0.106 | 0.036 | |
Health | No | 0.449 | 0.704 | 0.188 |
Yes | 0.551 | 0.296 | 0.812 | |
Employment | No | 0.025 | 0.271 | 0.000 |
Yes | 0.975 | 0.729 | 1.000 | |
Human relations | No | 0.310 | 0.956 | 0.846 |
Yes | 0.690 | 0.044 | 0.154 | |
Social security | No | 0.730 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Yes | 0.270 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Non-Poverty (n = 44) | Latent Classes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type 1 (n = 451) | Type 2 (n = 1096) | Type 3 (n = 601) | |||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Marital status | 8.921 * | ||||
Married | 3 (6.8) | 16 (3.5) | 83 (7.6) | 44 (7.3) | |
Unmarried | 41 (93.2) | 435 (96.5) | 1013 (92.4) | 557 (92.7) | |
Education | 256.252 *** | ||||
No education | 0 | 132 (29.3) | 233 (21.3) | 268 (44.6) | |
Elementary school | 9 (20.5) | 158 (35.0) | 409 (37.3) | 234 (38.9) | |
Middle school | 4 (9.1) | 71 (15.7) | 140 (12.8) | 54 (9.0) | |
High school | 14 (31.8) | 72 (16.0) | 184 (16.8) | 32 (5.3) | |
Higher than college | 17 (38.6) | 18 (4.0) | 130 (11.9) | 13 (2.2) | |
Area | 89.577 *** | ||||
Metropolitan | 10 (22.7) | 85 (18.8) | 149 (13.6) | 60 (10.0) | |
Large city | 7 (15.9) | 168 (37.3) | 264 (24.1) | 142 (23.6) | |
Small and medium-sized city | 18 (40.9) | 139 (30.8) | 392 (35.8) | 200 (33.3) | |
Country | 9 (20.5) | 54 (12.0) | 255 (23.3) | 178 (29.6) | |
Urban–rural complex county | 0 | 5 (1.1) | 36 (3.3) | 21 (3.5) | |
M (S.D.) | M (S.D.) | M (S.D.) | M (S.D.) | F | |
Agea | 49.73 (12.51) a | 68.84 (13.14) b | 65.43 (15.81) b | 75.89 (9.27) c | 104.300 *** |
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Nam, S.-J. Multidimensional Poverty among Female Householders in Korea: Application of a Latent Class Model. Sustainability 2020, 12, 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020701
Nam S-J. Multidimensional Poverty among Female Householders in Korea: Application of a Latent Class Model. Sustainability. 2020; 12(2):701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020701
Chicago/Turabian StyleNam, Su-Jung. 2020. "Multidimensional Poverty among Female Householders in Korea: Application of a Latent Class Model" Sustainability 12, no. 2: 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020701
APA StyleNam, S.-J. (2020). Multidimensional Poverty among Female Householders in Korea: Application of a Latent Class Model. Sustainability, 12(2), 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020701