Open Innovation 4.0 as an Enhancer of Sustainable Innovation Ecosystems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Sustainable Innovation Ecosystems
2.2. Open Innovation 4.0
2.3. The Loose Links in OI and the Ecosystem: University-Industry-Collaborations
3. Methodology
3.1. Database Description
3.2. Exploratory Analysis
4. Econometric Analysis
4.1. Econometric Estimations
4.2. Results and Discussion
5. Concluding Remarks
5.1. Theoretical and Empirical Implications
5.2. Limitations and Future Research
5.3. Policy Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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VARIABLES | DESCRIPTION | MEASUREMENT |
---|---|---|
TEC_REG (1) | Technological regime of the firm (according to Boliacino and Pianta) [77] | 1 = supplier dominated; 2 = scale intensive; 3 = specialized supplier; 4 = science based |
SIZE (2) | Firm dimension | 1–3 degree |
EXP_PROP (3) | Proportion of the turnover exported | Decimal |
EMPUD (4) | Human Capital intensity | 1–6 degree |
OPEN (5) | Performing inbound and outbound innovation | Binary |
FUNDS (6) | Beneficiary of funds | 1 to 4 count |
SUNI (7) | Relying upon Universities as source of innovation | Binary |
USER_COMM (8) | Relying upon User Community as source of innovation | Binary |
HSI_LEG (9) | Concerned about Hygiene and Security legislation | Binary |
ENV_LEG (10) | Concerned about Environmental legislation | Binary |
INT_ASSET (11) | Having registered copyrights or others | Binary |
PROD_INNOV (12) | Having performed product innovation | Binary |
PROC_INNOV (13) | Having performed process innovation | Binary |
ORG_INNOV (14) | Having performed organizational innovation | Binary |
MKT_INNOV (15) | Having performed marketing innovation | Binary |
TECH_INNOV | Having performed product or process innovation | Binary |
VARIABLES | Mean | S.D. | Min | Max | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) | (15) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEC_REG (1) | 1.753 | 1.100 | 1 | 4 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||||
SIZE (2) | 1.351 | 0.572 | 1 | 3 | 0.05 | 1.00 | |||||||||||||
EXP_PROP (3) | 0.217 | 0.319 | 0 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 1.00 | ||||||||||||
EMPUD (4) | 2.413 | 1.830 | 0 | 6 | 0.44 | 0.15 | 0.04 | 1.00 | |||||||||||
OPEN (5) | 0.103 | 0.304 | 0 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 1.00 | ||||||||||
FUNDS (6) | 0.295 | 0.700 | 0 | 4 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.34 | 1.00 | |||||||||
SUNI (7) | 0.476 | 0.499 | 0 | 1 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.21 | 1.00 | ||||||||
USER_COMM (8) | 2.363 | 2.383 | 0 | 6 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.41 | 1.00 | |||||||
HSI_LEG (9) | 0.718 | 0.483 | 0 | 5 | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.03 | 0.62 | 1.00 | ||||||
ENV_LEG (10) | 0.722 | 0.489 | 0 | 5 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.19 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.06 | 0.61 | 0.96 | 1.00 | |||||
INT_ASSET (11) | 0.289 | 0.705 | 0 | 6 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 1.00 | ||||
PROD_INNOV (12) | 0.335 | 0.472 | 0 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.17 | 0.08 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.08 | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.23 | 1.00 | |||
PROC_INNOV (13) | 0.495 | 0.500 | 0 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.48 | 0.62 | 0.61 | 0.16 | 0.39 | 1.00 | ||
ORG_INNOV (14) | 0.358 | 0.480 | 0 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.23 | 0.15 | 0.43 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.40 | 1.00 | |
MKT_INNOV (15) | 0.396 | 0.489 | 0 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.12 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 1.00 |
VARIABLES | PROD_INNOV | PROC_INNOV | TECH_INNOV | ORG_INNOV | MKT_INNOV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEC_REG | −0.053 * | −0.109 *** | −0.184 *** | −0.035 | −0.137 *** |
(0.032) | (0.037) | (0.053) | (0.032) | (0.033) | |
SIZE | −0.110 * | 0.216 *** | 0.051 | 0.061 | −0.218 *** |
(0.057) | (0.072) | (0.103) | (0.058) | (0.059) | |
EXP_PROP | 0.726 *** | 0.242 * | 0.592 *** | 0.182 * | −0.520 *** |
(0.105) | (0.129) | (0.205) | (0.104) | (0.107) | |
EMPUD | −0.082 *** | −0.101 *** | −0.181 *** | 0.145 *** | 0.144 *** |
(0.021) | (0.024) | (0.035) | (0.021) | (0.021) | |
OPEN | 0.536 *** | 0.430 *** | 0.422 ** | 0.554 *** | 0.375 *** |
(0.098) | (0.125) | (0.190) | (0.098) | (0.101) | |
FUNDS | 0.188 *** | 0.181 *** | 0.180 ** | 0.106 ** | 0.091 ** |
(0.044) | (0.055) | (0.085) | (0.043) | (0.045) | |
SUNI | −0.028 | −0.049 | 0.101 | 0.004 | −0.141 * |
(0.074) | (0.089) | (0.130) | (0.074) | (0.076) | |
USER_COMM | 0.114 *** | 0.094 *** | 0.080 *** | 0.161 *** | 0.254 *** |
(0.016) | (0.020) | (0.029) | (0.017) | (0.017) | |
HSI_LEG | −0.050 | 0.560 | 0.665 | 0.072 | 0.003 |
(0.241) | (0.349) | (0.501) | (0.243) | (0.247) | |
ENV_LEG | 0.365 | −0.282 | −0.640 * | 0.091 | 0.103 |
(0.229) | (0.267) | (0.345) | (0.219) | (0.227) | |
INT_ASSET | 0.346 *** | −0.033 | 0.134 | 0.300 *** | 0.527 *** |
(0.049) | (0.052) | (0.088) | (0.047) | (0.054) | |
Constant | −0.551 ** | 0.780 ** | 2.606 *** | −1.432 *** | −0.685 *** |
(0.243) | (0.332) | (0.455) | (0.239) | (0.242) | |
Observations | 4229 | 4229 | 4229 | 4229 | 4229 |
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Costa, J.; Matias, J.C.O. Open Innovation 4.0 as an Enhancer of Sustainable Innovation Ecosystems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198112
Costa J, Matias JCO. Open Innovation 4.0 as an Enhancer of Sustainable Innovation Ecosystems. Sustainability. 2020; 12(19):8112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198112
Chicago/Turabian StyleCosta, Joana, and João C.O. Matias. 2020. "Open Innovation 4.0 as an Enhancer of Sustainable Innovation Ecosystems" Sustainability 12, no. 19: 8112. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198112