Multidimensional Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Variations in Ecological, Production and Living Spaces of Inner Mongolia and an Identification of Driving Forces
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Methodology
2.2.1. Data Sources
2.2.2. Classification of Ecological, Production and Living Spaces (EPLSs) Based on Land Use Types
2.2.3. Barycenter Migration Model
2.2.4. Quantitative Analysis of Driving Forces
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of EPLS in Inner Mongolia from 1990 to 2015
3.2. Spatial Patterns of EPLS in Inner Mongolia from 1990 to 2015
3.2.1. Changes to Spatial Extent of EPLS
3.2.2. Shifts in the Spatial Center of Gravity of EPLS in Inner Mongolia
3.2.3. Characteristics of Mutual Transformation of EPLS in Inner Mongolia
3.3. Driving forces of EPLS in Inner Mongolia
3.3.1. Identification of Influencing Factors
3.3.2. The Impact of Socioeconomic Development on Changes in EPLS
3.3.3. The Impact of Government Policies on Changes in EPLS
3.3.4. The Impact of Mining of Mineral Resources on Changes in EPLS
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The pattern of EPLS change remained basically the same during 1990–2015, with obvious regional differences. Inner Mongolia remains predominantly ecological space which is distributed to the north of the Greater Hinggan–Yinshan–Helan mountain ranges, whereas production and living spaces are distributed to the south of the mountain ranges.
- (2)
- Over the past 25 years, there has been a decline in ecological space in Inner Mongolia, whereas living and production spaces have expanded. Living spaces are concentrated in central cities with obvious path dependence. The distribution and expansion of production spaces are concentrated around living spaces. Living spaces have increased whereas ecological spaces have decreased in the central and western regions, and production spaces have increased in the eastern region.
- (3)
- Production space showed the largest Barycenter migration distance of 190.509 km from 1990 to 2015, with the center moving southwest. Ecological space showed the second-largest Barycenter migration distance.
- (4)
- Change to EPLS in Inner Mongolia is affected by topography, climate, economic development, population growth and policies, and areas with higher economic development and population growth have undergone greater changes in EPLS.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Class I | Class II | Production | Living | Ecological | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ID | Name | ID | Name | |||
1 | Cropland | 11 | Paddy field | 5 | 0 | 3 |
12 | Dry land | 5 | 0 | 3 | ||
2 | Woodland | 21 | Woodland | 0 | 0 | 5 |
22 | Shrubbery land | 0 | 0 | 3 | ||
23 | Sparse woodland | 0 | 0 | 3 | ||
24 | Other woodland | 0 | 0 | 3 | ||
3 | Grassland | 31 | High-coverage grassland | 3 | 0 | 5 |
32 | Medium-coverage grassland | 3 | 0 | 5 | ||
33 | Low-coverage grassland | 1 | 0 | 5 | ||
4 | Water | 41 | Rivers and canals | 3 | 0 | 3 |
42 | Lakes | 0 | 0 | 5 | ||
43 | Reservoirs and ponds | 3 | 0 | 3 | ||
46 | Beach land | 0 | 0 | 5 | ||
5 | Construction land | 51 | City and town areas | 1 | 5 | 0 |
52 | Residential quarters in rural areas | 1 | 5 | 0 | ||
53 | Industrial and mining land, land used for transportation | 3 | 3 | 0 | ||
6 | Unused land | 61 | Sandy land | 0 | 0 | 5 |
62 | Exposed rock and shingle land | 0 | 0 | 5 | ||
63 | Saline-alkali land | 0 | 0 | 5 | ||
64 | Marshland | 0 | 0 | 5 | ||
65 | Bare land | 0 | 0 | 5 | ||
66 | Exposed rock and shingle land | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Variable | Coefficient | Std. Error | T-Statistic | Prob. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urbanization (%) | 57.3795 | 9.1124 | −6.2969 | 0.0000 |
Number of urban employees (person) | 0.0038 | 0.0011 | 3.3404 | 0.0028 |
Proportions of GDP contributed by secondary and tertiary industries (%) | 69.3821 | 28.2747 | 2.4539 | 0.0221 |
Population density (person km−2) | 1780.7140 | 596.5318 | 2.9851 | 0.0066 |
Local fiscal expenditure (ten thousand Yuan) | 0.0007 | 0.0002 | 3.0970 | 0.0051 |
Variable | Coefficient | Std. Error | T-Statistic | Prob. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urbanization (%) | 0.0043 | 0.0014 | 2.9709 | 0.0068 |
Number of urban employees (person) | 0.0145 | 0.004 | 3.6202 | 0.0014 |
Highway mileage (km) | 0.383 | 0.1619 | 2.3662 | 0.0268 |
Proportions of GDP contributed by secondary and tertiary industries (%) | 349.637 | 119.4852 | −2.9262 | 0.0076 |
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Dong, Z.; Zhang, J.; Si, A.; Tong, Z.; Na, L. Multidimensional Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Variations in Ecological, Production and Living Spaces of Inner Mongolia and an Identification of Driving Forces. Sustainability 2020, 12, 7964. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197964
Dong Z, Zhang J, Si A, Tong Z, Na L. Multidimensional Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Variations in Ecological, Production and Living Spaces of Inner Mongolia and an Identification of Driving Forces. Sustainability. 2020; 12(19):7964. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197964
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Zhenhua, Jiquan Zhang, Alu Si, Zhijun Tong, and Li Na. 2020. "Multidimensional Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Variations in Ecological, Production and Living Spaces of Inner Mongolia and an Identification of Driving Forces" Sustainability 12, no. 19: 7964. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197964
APA StyleDong, Z., Zhang, J., Si, A., Tong, Z., & Na, L. (2020). Multidimensional Analysis of the Spatiotemporal Variations in Ecological, Production and Living Spaces of Inner Mongolia and an Identification of Driving Forces. Sustainability, 12(19), 7964. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197964