The Analysis of Stress and Negative Effects Connected with Scientific Work among Polish Researchers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
- Problems with working hours, workload, and pace of work;
- Control methods used to measures levels of autonomy, pacing, and timing of scholars working methods;
- Peer support and the degree of help and respect from other university staff including colleagues;
- Managerial support and their supportive behaviors. Help from line managers and also the organization itself. The examples of this help are encouragement and availability of feedback;
- Relationships between university staff and levels of conflict in the workplace. In this case, the very important problems are bullying behavior and harassment;
- The extent to which researchers believe that their work is important and fits into the aims of the particular organization; and
- Change which reflects how well changes in the university environment are managed and communicated.
- Burnout is when a particular person has pushed creative energy beyond the borders.
- Burnout is when a person is subjected to continuous job-related stress, especially in situations where one has the loss of emotional, physical, and mental energy.
- Burnout is the lack of motivation and desire to achieve a sufficient level of balance among professorial responsibilities in the job, especially in areas of teaching, service, scholarship, peer relationships, and student care-giving.
- Burnout is when one experiences problems connected with detachment (especially detachment from staff, students, peers, and clients) and a decrease of satisfaction or sense of well-being.
- Burnout is frustration, fatigue, or apathy resulting from long periods of stress, intense activity, or overwork.
- Burnout is neither a neurosis nor physical ailment. It is an inability to mobilize one’s capabilities and interest or loss of will.
- Recognize symptoms of burnout regarding their performance, body language, communication style, and attitudes.
- Willingness to make changes.
- Talk to someone, for example, counselor, friend, family physician, or doctors specializing in stress.
- Balance their lifestyle and analyze what is important in their life.
- Develop a plan to overcome the stressors. Set targets and goals for change.
- Join in some stress management programs.
- Read books and papers about burnout, stress, and suggested coping mechanisms.
- Negotiate with the department authorities to temporarily change their professional responsibilities.
- Take a sabbatical or personal leave.
- Reverse negative vocabulary and also negative thinking.
- Explore some relaxation exercises.
- Find a hobby.
- Explore about assistance in these problems with the university’s human resources department.
- depression (75%),
- panic attacks (42%),
- eating disorder (15%),
- self-harm (11%),
- obsessive-compulsive disorder (11%),
- alcoholism (11%),
- post-traumatic stress disorder (9%),
- other mental health disorder (7%),
- bipolar disorder (4%),
- drug addiction (2%).
- In many surveys, UK higher education teachers have reported that their well-being is worse compared with staff well-being in other types of organizations (including health, education, and social work). They compared areas of work demands, support provided by managers, change management, and clarity about one’s role.
- The proportions of both scholars and postgraduate students which have a risk of having or developing a problem with mental health. This proportion is based on, for example, self-reported data. It is generally higher than we can observe among other working populations.
- The main factors that are associated with the development of depression and other typical mental health problems among PhD students are work–life conflict, high levels of work demands, poor support from the supervisor, low job control, and exclusion from the decision making processes.
- Studies pinpoint that academic staff involved in research on sensitive topics as abuse or trauma can be emotionally affected by the problems they encounter in their research. They should receive better support for university authorities to mitigate the possible negative impacts of this work. The problem of abuse in the university environment was also pointed out by Oleksinienko [99].
- We can observe that job stress levels and poor workplace conditions can contribute to reduced productivity of academic staff. It can be both through absence and also through presentism. Because of that researchers can attend work and are less productive.
- Implementation of detailed personal development plans, 360-degree feedback, group sessions, and mentoring. Workshops with staff can be useful to increase the level of understanding and engagement of researchers into the strategic plan, online resources, and communication, vice-chancellor-led open meetings, etc.
- Briefings, stress risk assessment, free gym membership, training, and solution groups.
- Academic and non-academic middle managers can participate in a program connected with individual executive coaching [100].
- Establishment of workplace policies useful for stress reduction [101].
- Suicide-prevention training program [104].
- Mindfulness six-week program to decrease stress levels [105].
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results of Our Own Research
4.1. Stress Level in Scientific Procedures
4.2. Ailments and Dysfunctions Related to Participation in the Scientific Procedure
5. Discussion and Conclusions
- good, objective, and relevant assessment system,
- support from staff,
- relevant remuneration, liquidation of short-term contracts,
- improvement of work-life balance,
- psychological help from doctors.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Definition |
---|---|
Latack (1986) [23] | Defines stress by explaining the components of dealing with stress:
|
Lazarus (2000) [24] | Defines the term stress as being a complex and multidimensional negative emotion. Coping with stress can lead to the reduction of demands (internal and external). |
Krohne (2002) [25] | States that external demands (stressors) and those experienced by the body (stress) can be placed into two categories:
|
Thoits (2010) [26] | Stressors can have a substantial damaging effect on mental and physical health |
Walsh (2011) [27] | Describes a stressor as “any biological process, emotion or thought”. It is the outcomes of demands on the body during experiences of fight or flight. |
Robbins and Judge (2013) [28] | Stress is an unpleasant psychological process that may happen as a response to environmental pressures. |
Luke Seaward (2016) [29] | Stress is any change experienced by the individual. |
Factor | Actions |
---|---|
General |
|
Management |
|
Employment |
|
Career |
|
Teaching |
|
The Level of Stress for a Scientific Procedure (on a Scale from 1 to 10) | Academic Degrees and a Title | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
In General | PhD | Hab. PhD | Prof. | |
Sample size (N) | 1019 | 626 | 298 | 95 |
Arithmetic mean (xsr) | 6.28 | 6.39 | 6.63 | 4.44 |
Standard deviation (SD) | 2.53 | 2.30 | 2.62 | 2.95 |
Lower quartile Q1 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 2.00 |
Median Q2 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 7.00 | 4.00 |
Upper quartile Q3 | 8.00 | 8.00 | 9.00 | 6.00 |
Dominant Do | 8.00 | 7.00 | 8.00 | 1.00 |
Minimum (MIN) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Maximum (MAX) | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
Coefficient of variation (Vx) | 40.32 | 35.97 | 39.52 | 66.30 |
Ailments Felt | PhD | hab. PhD | Prof. |
---|---|---|---|
Mild stress | 33.7% | 12.9% | 6.3% |
Nervousness | 33.0% | 15.0% | 5.2% |
Psychological ailments | 19.9% | 8.7% | 2.9% |
Damage to the relations | 19.5% | 8.1% | 2.9% |
Psychosomatic disorders | 17.8% | 8.8% | 2.2% |
Disappointment | 16.3% | 6.2% | 2.1% |
Cardiac incidents | 8.8% | 5.1% | 3.9% |
Felling of superiority | 6.7% | 3.5% | 1.3% |
Cancer | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
External dysfunctions | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Other | 6.3% | 2.5% | 0.8% |
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Wolniak, R.; Szromek, A.R. The Analysis of Stress and Negative Effects Connected with Scientific Work among Polish Researchers. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125117
Wolniak R, Szromek AR. The Analysis of Stress and Negative Effects Connected with Scientific Work among Polish Researchers. Sustainability. 2020; 12(12):5117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125117
Chicago/Turabian StyleWolniak, Radosław, and Adam R. Szromek. 2020. "The Analysis of Stress and Negative Effects Connected with Scientific Work among Polish Researchers" Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125117
APA StyleWolniak, R., & Szromek, A. R. (2020). The Analysis of Stress and Negative Effects Connected with Scientific Work among Polish Researchers. Sustainability, 12(12), 5117. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125117