Sustainable Smartphone-Based Healthcare Systems: A Systems Engineering Approach to Assess the Efficacy of Respiratory Monitoring Apps
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Contribution
1.3. Paper Organization
2. Proposed Methodology
2.1. Causal Model
2.2. Categories of Sustainability
2.3. System Dynamics Model
3. Validation and Simulation Results
3.1. Model Validation
3.1.1. Structural Tests
3.1.2. Behavior Tests
3.1.3. Policy Tests
3.2. Testing Scenarios and Simulation Runs
3.2.1. Baseline
3.2.2. Scenario 1
3.2.3. Scenario 2
3.2.4. Scenario 3
3.2.5. Scenario 4
3.2.6. Scenario 5
3.2.7. Scenario 6
4. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference | Data Acquisition | Purpose/Respiratory Monitoring Capability | Breathing Data Analysis Accuracy | Cost to Customer |
---|---|---|---|---|
[10] | Breathing sounds | Lung augmentation and animation, breathing phases and lung volume estimation, breathing regulation aid | 90% | N/A |
[11] | Breathing sounds | Pediatric asthma detection | within 5% ± 1.5 of sprirometry | N/A |
[12] | Cough sounds | Diagnosing acute respiratory illnesses in children | ≈77% on average | N/A |
[35] | Breathing sounds | Differentiating normal and abnormal lung sounds for various respiratory diseases | ≈75% | N/A |
[37] | Breathing sounds, cough sounds and voice of speaking | Detect COVID-19 | In progress, not reported | Free once App is launched |
[38] | Wireless spirometer | Monitor asthma | Not reported | Free App + $100 Spirometer |
[39] | Breathing sound blow | Estimate lung air volume | within 5% of commercial devices | Free |
[40] | Breathing sounds | Breathing phases detection and breathing training | 75.5% | N/A |
[41] | Wearable biosensors | Chronic Respiratory Disease Monitoring | Not reported | N/A |
[42] | Photoplethysmographic (PPG) imaging | Respiratory rate estimation | 97.8% | N/A |
[43] | Thermal camera | Respiration training | Not reported | N/A |
Category | Patient | Resource | Environment | Finance | Quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smartphone performance metrics | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Patient status factors | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Cost related factors | ✔ | ||||
Resource related factors | ✔ | ✔ |
Sustainability Category | Patient | Resource | Environment | Finance | Quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smartphone performance metric factors: | |||||
respiratory data acquisition feasibility level | ✔ | ✔ | |||
breathing data analysis algorithm | ✔ | ✔ | |||
and software management level | |||||
respiratory monitoring level | ✔ | ✔ | |||
ease of use level | ✔ | ✔ | |||
response rate | ✔ | ✔ | |||
performance level of breathing App | ✔ | ✔ | |||
data security and privacy level | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Patient status factors: | |||||
Patient wellbeing | ✔ | ✔ | |||
rate of wellbeing and care | ✔ | ✔ | |||
reliability level | ✔ | ✔ | |||
general health rate | ✔ | ✔ | |||
level of patient satisfaction | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Cost related factors: | |||||
cost to customers | ✔ | ||||
level of product advertisement | ✔ | ||||
rate of need | ✔ | ✔ | |||
level of demand | ✔ | ✔ | |||
cost of service level | ✔ | ||||
Resource related factors: | |||||
internet connectivity level | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
GPS/location tracking level | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
Battery life | ✔ | ✔ | |||
batter rate | ✔ | ✔ |
Parameter | Ease of Use Level | Respiratory Monitoring Level | Breathing Data Analysis Algorithm and Software Management Level | Respiratory Data Acquisition Feasibility Level | Cost to Customer | All Other Input Variables |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 50% | 50% | 50% | 50% | 50% | 50% |
Scenario 1 | 50% | 50% | 90% | 50% | 50% | 50% |
Scenario 2 | 50% | 30% | 50% | 50% | 50% | 50% |
Scenario 3 | 50% | 50% | 50% | 50% | 80% | 50% |
Scenario 4 | 80% | 80% | 80% | 80% | 50% | 50% |
Scenario 5 | 30% | 40% | 70% | 90% | 50% | 50% |
Scenario 6 | 40% | 40% | 40% | 40% | 50% | 50% |
Time (Day) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 10 | 20 | 25 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | 0.5 | 0.500 | 0.501 | 0.511 | 0.529 | 0.540 |
Scenario 1 | 0.501 | 0.502 | 0.504 | 0.521 | 0.554 | 0.577 |
Scenario 2 | 0.499 | 0.4999 | 0.500 | 0.506 | 0.516 | 0.523 |
Scenario 3 | 0.499 | 0.500 | 0.501 | 0.511 | 0.534 | 0.550 |
Scenario 4 | 0.508 | 0.5136 | 0.519 | 0.587 | 0.744 | 0.874 |
Scenario 5 | 0.500 | 0.501 | 0.502 | 0.513 | 0.535 | 0.550 |
Scenario 6 | 0.499 | 0.499 | 0.499 | 0.503 | 0.510 | 0.515 |
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Faezipour, M.; Faezipour, M. Sustainable Smartphone-Based Healthcare Systems: A Systems Engineering Approach to Assess the Efficacy of Respiratory Monitoring Apps. Sustainability 2020, 12, 5061. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125061
Faezipour M, Faezipour M. Sustainable Smartphone-Based Healthcare Systems: A Systems Engineering Approach to Assess the Efficacy of Respiratory Monitoring Apps. Sustainability. 2020; 12(12):5061. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125061
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaezipour, Misagh, and Miad Faezipour. 2020. "Sustainable Smartphone-Based Healthcare Systems: A Systems Engineering Approach to Assess the Efficacy of Respiratory Monitoring Apps" Sustainability 12, no. 12: 5061. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12125061