LCA Analysis of Grafted Tomato Seedling Production in Turkey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Importance of the Study Region Antalya for Seedling Production in Turkey
2.2. The Differences Between Grafted Seedlings and Normal Seedlings
2.3. Production Stages of Grafted Seedlings
2.4. Materials of the Study
2.5. System Boundary and the Definition Criteria
2.6. The Functional Unit Chosen for the Study
2.7. Life Cycle Inventory Categories and Processes
2.7.1. Transportation of Materials
2.7.2. Irrigation Method
2.7.3. Energy
2.7.4. Fertilizers
2.7.5. Pesticides
2.7.6. Disinfectants
2.8. LCA Software and Database
2.9. Impact Assessment Method
2.10. Cultivation Environment and Terminology
2.11. Supporting Materials and Horticultural Substrates
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. LCA Analysis
3.1.1. An Overview of the Production Processes
3.1.2. Energy Analysis
3.1.3. Fertilizer Analysis
3.1.4. Pesticide Analysis
3.1.5. Analysis of the Supporting Materials and the Horticultural Substrates
3.1.6. EPS and HDPE Comparison Scenarios
3.2. The Use of Seedlings by the Vegetable Producers
4. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Provinces in Turkey | Num. of Nurseries | Antalya Towns | Num. of Nurseries |
---|---|---|---|
Antalya | 64 | Serik | 14 |
İzmir | 16 | Kumluca | 13 |
Mersin | 12 | Demre | 2 |
Ankara | 9 | Kaş | 1 |
Adana | 7 | Close to Antalya City Centre | 34 |
Bursa | 5 | ||
Other | 39 | ||
Total | 152 | Total | 64 |
Processing Category | Included? | Why Excluded? | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Insignificant Environmental Impact | Difficult to Obtain Representative Data | Not Directly Relevant to the Scope and Goal of the Study | ||
Production, maintenance, and replacement of capital equipment | no | - | - | ✔ |
Electricity for equipment utilized (water pump, machinery, etc.) | yes | - | - | - |
Coal for greenhouse heating | yes | - | - | - |
Transportation and production of germinated seeds | no | - | ✔ | - |
Transportation of raw materials (fertilizers, pesticides, disinfectants, supporting materials, substrates) | yes | - | - | - |
Production and appliance of fertilizers | yes | - | - | - |
Production and appliance of pesticides | yes | - | - | - |
Production and appliance of disinfectants | yes | - | - | - |
Production and appliance of horticultural substrates | yes | - | - | - |
Production of support materials | yes | - | - | - |
Water supply | yes | - | - | - |
Establishment’s land occupation | no | ✔ | ✔ | - |
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Input | Amount | Input | Amount |
---|---|---|---|
Energy | Pesticides | ||
Electricity | 0.026368171 kWh | Organophosphorus Compounds (F) | 0.00014156 g |
Coal for Greenhouse Heating | 0.259842137 kWh | Cyclic N Compounds (F) | 0.00002389 g |
FERTILIZERS | [thio] Carbamate Compounds (F) | 0.00000741 g | |
Ammonium Nitrate | 0.131839585 g | Acetamide Anillide Compounds (F) | 0.00002953 g |
Diammonium Phosphate | 0.059936818 g | Triazine Compounds (F) | 0.00000265 g |
Monoamonnium Phosphate | 0.018759378 g | Dithiocarbamate Compounds (F) | 0.00015926 g |
Potassium Nitrate | 0.236245177 g | Phthalimide Compounds (F) | 0.00012387 g |
Potassium Sulphate | 0.050896546 g | Pyrethroid Compounds (I) | 0.00010009 g |
Transport | Tetramic Acid Compounds (I) | 0.00008848 g | |
Transport of Raw Materials | 0.501835584 kg.km | Tetronic Acid Compounds (I) | 0.00004645 g |
Disinfectants | Macrocyclic Lactone Compounds (I) | 0.00000657 g | |
Hydrogen Peroxide | 0.05529750 g | Supporting Materials | |
Peracetic Acid | 0.03317850 g | Seedling Insert (Polypropylene) | 1.5115741 g |
Alcohol (Isopropanol) | 0.02211900 g | EPS Tray (EPS Foam) | 3.662499 g |
Horticultural Substrates | Grafting Sticks (Polypropylene) | 0.25 g | |
Peat | 5.271428571 g | Grafting Clips (Silicone) | 0.6 g |
Expanded Perlite | 1.142142857 g | Plastic Sheeting (Polyethylene) | 0.666111574 g |
Expanded Vermiculite | 4.539285714 g | Packaging (Corrugated Board) | 0.00835 g |
Irrigation (Water from Well) | 0.950 liters |
Impact Category Name | Abbrev. | Midpoint Indicator | Damage | Endpoint |
---|---|---|---|---|
Climate Change Human Health | CCHH | infra-red radiative forcing | Damage | Human Health 1 |
Ozone Depletion | OD | decrease in ozone protection | Damage | Human Health |
Human Toxicity | HT | hazard-weighted dose | Damage | Human Health |
Photochemical Oxidant Formation | POF | ozone concentration | Damage | Human Health |
Particulate Matter Formation | PMF | PM10 intake | Damage | Human Health |
Ionizing Radiation | IR | absorbed dose | Damage | Human Health |
Climate Change Ecosystems | CCE | infra-red radiative forcing | Terrestrial Damage | Ecosystems 2 |
Terrestrial Acidification | TA | base saturation | Terrestrial Damage | Ecosystems |
Freshwater Eutrophication | FE | algae growth | Freshwater Damage | Ecosystems |
Terrestrial Ecotoxicity | TET | hazard-weighted concentration | Terrestrial Damage | Ecosystems |
Freshwater Ecotoxicity | FET | hazard-weighted concentration | Freshwater Damage | Ecosystems |
Marine Ecotoxicity | MET | hazard-weighted concentration | Marine water Damage | Ecosystems |
Agricultural Land Occupation | ALO | occupied area | Terrestrial Damage | Ecosystems |
Urban Land Occupation | ULO | occupied area | Terrestrial Damage | Ecosystems |
Natural Land Transformation | NLT | transformed area | Terrestrial Damage | Ecosystems |
Fossil Depletion | FD | energy content | Damage | Resources Surplus Cost 3 |
Cat | Fertilizers | Supp. Materials | Pesticides | Transp. | Irrigation | Soil | Energy | Disinfectants |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CCHH | 0.78 | 11.46 | 0.00 (L) | 0.08 | 0.15 | 2.61 | 84.85 (H) | 0.06 |
OD | 2.71 | 36.94 | 0.02 (L) | 0.65 | 0.37 | 19.82 | 39.19 (H) | 0.30 |
HT | 0.92 | 3.87 | 0.01 (L) | 0.06 | 0.51 | 1.57 | 93.01 (H) | 0.07 |
POF | 0.49 | 14.19 | 0.00 (L) | 0.20 | 0.10 | 4.86 | 80.11 (H) | 0.05 |
PMF | 0.85 | 7.83 | 0.00 (L) | 0.14 | 0.15 | 4.23 | 86.76 (H) | 0.04 |
IR | 0.60 | 11.51 | 0.01 (L) | 0.12 | 1.04 | 2.70 | 83.86 (H) | 0.16 |
CCE | 0.78 | 11.46 | 0.00 (L) | 0.08 | 0.15 | 2.61 | 84.85 (H) | 0.06 |
TA | 0.87 | 7.59 | 0.00 (L) | 0.10 | 0.12 | 3.56 | 87.73 (H) | 0.04 |
FE | 1.17 | 41.07 | 0.01 (L) | 0.07 | 0.23 | 2.30 | 55.03 (H) | 0.12 |
TET | 1.97 | 8.29 | 0.01 (L) | 0.20 | 0.86 | 8.45 | 80.05 (H) | 0.17 |
FET | 0.91 | 15.61 | 0.01 (L) | 0.16 | 5.13 | 5.05 | 73.02 (H) | 0.11 |
MET | 1.85 | 10.28 | 0.01 (L) | 0.13 | 0.76 | 7.96 | 78.87 (H) | 0.12 |
ALO | 0.52 | 8.31 | 0.00 (L) | 0.01 | 0.42 | 2.11 | 88.59 (H) | 0.03 |
ULO | 1.01 | 1.77 | 0.00 (L) | 0.21 | 0.98 | 4.66 | 91.34 (H) | 0.03 |
NLT | 3.21 | 4.84 | 0.01 (L) | 0.39 | 0.64 | 14.59 | 76.19 (H) | 0.13 |
FD | 0.06 | 0.67 | 0.00 (L) | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 98.99 (H) | 0.01 |
Res. | CCHH | OD | HT | IR | CCE | TA | FE | TET | FET | MET | FD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elect. | 8.72 | 41.72 | 8.43 | 73.65 (H) | 8.72 | 7.03 | 12.19 | 12.83 | 14.23 | 18.69 | 3.67 |
Coal | 91.28 (H) | 58.28 (H) | 91.57 (H) | 26.35 | 91.28 (H) | 92.97 (H) | 87.81 (H) | 87.17 (H) | 85.77 (H) | 81.31 (H) | 96.33 (H) |
Cat | Organo Phosphorus | Cyclic N | [thio] Carbamate | Acetamide Anillide | Triazine | Dithio Carbamate | Pyrethroid | Phthalimide | Uns. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CCHH | 19.13 | 2.08 | 0.91 | 4.21 | 0.37 (L) | 8.24 | 38.07 (H) | 7.91 | 19.09 |
OD | 18.15 | 2.22 | 1.01 | 4.97 | 0.44 (L) | 9.84 | 34.24 (H) | 8.04 | 21.07 |
HT | 16.93 | 2.12 | 0.88 | 4.31 | 0.38 (L) | 8.39 | 41.02 (H) | 6.90 | 19.08 |
POF | 18.82 | 2.13 | 0.94 | 4.49 | 0.38 (L) | 8.62 | 36.78 (H) | 8.17 | 19.66 |
PMF | 18.08 | 2.08 | 0.90 | 4.41 | 0.38 (L) | 7.92 | 39.45 (H) | 7.46 | 19.32 |
IR | 24.56 | 1.98 | 0.88 | 3.97 | 0.29 (L) | 6.46 | 32.28 (H) | 11.04 | 18.53 |
CCE | 19.13 | 2.08 | 0.91 | 4.21 | 0.37 (L) | 8.24 | 38.07 (H) | 7.91 | 19.09 |
TA | 17.98 | 2.06 | 0.90 | 4.46 | 0.38 (L) | 7.57 | 39.98 (H) | 7.26 | 19.39 |
FE | 19.96 (H) | 3.02 | 1.00 | 4.11 | 0.36 (L) | 18.82 | 17.80 | 15.53 | 19.39 |
TET | 14.83 | 2.03 | 0.86 | 4.39 | 0.40 (L) | 7.43 | 46.09 (H) | 4.83 | 19.13 |
FET | 18.08 | 2.32 | 0.94 | 4.95 | 0.39 (L) | 9.19 | 34.31 (H) | 9.63 | 20.20 |
MET | 15.97 | 2.10 | 0.88 | 4.38 | 0.39 (L) | 8.19 | 42.74 (H) | 6.19 | 19.16 |
FD | 23.84 | 1.98 | 1.31 | 3.56 | 0.27 (L) | 12.70 | 28.16 (H) | 9.99 | 18.19 |
Cat | Peat | Perlite | Verm. | Plastic Sheeting | Grafting Sticks | Clips | Seedling Insert | EPS Tray | Packaging |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CCHH | 8.33 | 4.02 | 6.22 | 6.35 | 2.07 | 5.70 | 12.56 | 54.72 (H) | 0.03 (L) |
OD | 16.32 | 9.32 | 9.29 | 0.94 | 0.26 | 36.41 (H) | 1.60 | 25.81 | 0.04 (L) |
HT | 17.10 | 5.01 | 6.80 | 4.66 | 1.39 | 13.50 | 8.45 | 42.93 (H) | 0.16 (L) |
POF | 14.67 | 1.85 | 8.99 | 4.69 | 1.39 | 3.14 | 8.41 | 56.85 (H) | 0.02 (L) |
PMF | 15.99 | 2.96 | 16.14 | 5.47 | 1.64 | 5.75 | 9.96 | 42.05 (H) | 0.03 (L) |
IR | 10.11 | 3.67 | 5.22 | 7.81 | 2.15 | 8.83 | 13.07 | 49.07 (H) | 0.07 (L) |
CCE | 8.34 | 4.02 | 6.22 | 6.35 | 2.07 | 5.70 | 12.56 | 54.72 (H) | 0.03 (L) |
TA | 12.18 | 2.91 | 16.83 | 5.68 | 1.67 | 5.19 | 10.12 | 45.40 (H) | 0.03 (L) |
FET | 3.30 | 0.89 | 1.12 | 3.73 | 2.78 | 4.29 | 16.88 | 66.87 (H) | 0.14 (L) |
TET | 15.03 | 30.14 | 5.30 | 2.43 | 0.88 | 4.19 | 5.32 | 36.50 (H) | 0.22 (L) |
FET | 11.20 | 5.09 | 8.16 | 8.17 | 1.80 | 5.00 | 10.90 | 49.58 (H) | 0.09 (L) |
MET | 9.83 | 16.35 | 17.46 | 3.38 | 1.06 | 5.48 | 6.42 | 39.94 (H) | 0.07 (L) |
ALO | 2.66 (L) | 4.44 | 13.16 | 21.95 | 4.72 | 15.28 | 28.66 (H) | 5.18 | 3.95 |
ULO | 33.06 (H) | 8.65 | 30.81 | 3.40 | 0.87 | 8.63 | 5.28 | 8.94 | 0.36 (L) |
NLT | 32.95 (H) | 17.35 | 24.79 | 2.77 | 0.53 | 7.37 | 3.22 | 10.61 | 0.41 (L) |
FD | 12.93 | 4.19 | 5.41 | 6.87 | 1.81 | 17.59 | 10.99 | 40.10 (H) | 0.11 (L) |
Polymer | Energy (GJ tonne−1) | Water (kL tonne−1) | CO2−e a (t tonne−1) | Usage b (ktonne) | Closed-Loop Recycling | Effectiveness in Current Recycling Processes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PET | 82.7 | 66 | 3.4 | 2160 | yes | high |
HDPE | 76.7 | 32 | 1.9 | 5468 | some | high |
PS | 87.4 | 140 | 3.4 | 2600 | In theory | poor |
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Mencet Yelboğa, M.N. LCA Analysis of Grafted Tomato Seedling Production in Turkey. Sustainability 2020, 12, 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010025
Mencet Yelboğa MN. LCA Analysis of Grafted Tomato Seedling Production in Turkey. Sustainability. 2020; 12(1):25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010025
Chicago/Turabian StyleMencet Yelboğa, Makbule Nisa. 2020. "LCA Analysis of Grafted Tomato Seedling Production in Turkey" Sustainability 12, no. 1: 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010025
APA StyleMencet Yelboğa, M. N. (2020). LCA Analysis of Grafted Tomato Seedling Production in Turkey. Sustainability, 12(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010025