Use of Bio-Based Plastics in the Fruit Supply Chain: An Integrated Approach to Assess Environmental, Economic, and Social Sustainability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Theoretical Framework
2.2. Case Studied
2.3. Life Cycle Inventory and LCA Methodology
2.4. LCC Methodology
2.5. ExA—Externality Assessment Methodology
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Phase | Flow or Activity [Unit] | Input LCA | Input LCC | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | S2 | S1 | S2 | ||
Material/Machinery | Costs | ||||
Nursery | Rooting | Substratum (kg ha−1) | = | ||
Mulching | PE (kg ha−1) | = | |||
Fertigation system | Polyvinyl (kg ha−1) | = | |||
Compost mix (kg ha−1) | = | ||||
Water (m3 ha−1) | = | ||||
Cultivation | Soil preparation, planting, management | Plough, harrow, and cultivator (h ha−1) | = | ||
Diesel (l h−1) | = | ||||
Harvest | = | ||||
Irrigation system | PVC (kg ha−1) | = | |||
Water (m3 ha−1) | = | ||||
Electricity (kWh ha−1) | = | ||||
Organic fertilization | Manure (t ha−1) | = | |||
Mineral fertilization | Compost (t ha−1) | = | |||
Mulching | PE (kg ha−1) | Materbì (kg ha−1) | sheet laying/sheet removal | only sheet laying | |
Greenhouse cover | PE (kg ha−1) | = | |||
Metal (kg ha−1) | = | ||||
Hail-proof net | PE (kg ha−1) | = | |||
Chemical treatment | Active substance (kg ha−1) | = | |||
Transport from farm gate to post-harvesting | Road transport (km kg) | = | |||
Transformation | Refrigeration | Electricity (kWh kg−1) | = | ||
Flow packaging | Electricity (kWh kg−1) | = | |||
PET tray (g kg−1) | PLA tray (g kg−1) | ≠ | |||
PET wrapping (g kg−1) | = | ||||
Transport from post-harvesting gate to point of sale | Road transport (km kg) | = | |||
Sale | Refrigeration | Electricity (kWh kg−1) | = | ||
Handling | Electricity (kWh kg−1) | = | |||
Consumption | Transport | Road transport (km kg−1) | = | ||
Refrigeration | Electricity (kWh kg−1) | = | |||
End of life | Disposal | Incineration 20%/sanitary landfill 80% | = |
GWP | NRE | Costs | Externalities | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg CO2eq | MJ primary | €∙FU−1 | €∙FU−1 | |||||
S1 | S2 | S1 | S2 | S1 | S2 | S1 | S2 | |
Nursery | 0.0054 | 0.0054 | 0.4896 | 0.4896 | 0.0121 | 0.0121 | 0.00019 | 0.00015 |
Cultivation | 0.1525 | 0.1058 | 3.5017 | 1.9637 | 0.5419 | 0.5413 | 0.00690 | 0.00554 |
Transformation | 0.1935 | 0.1692 | 5.0854 | 2.9894 | 0.6144 | 0.7541 | 0.00622 | 0.00382 |
Sale | 0.0893 | 0.0893 | 1.3260 | 1.3260 | 0.0409 | 0.0409 | 0.02243 | 0.01802 |
Consumption | 0.1350 | 0.1350 | 1.8870 | 1.8870 | 0.0045 | 0.0045 | 0.04239 | 0.03406 |
End-of-life | 0.0318 | 0.0318 | 0.0253 | 0.0253 | 0.0014 | 0.0014 | 0.00035 | 0.00028 |
Total | 0.6075 | 0.5366 | 12.3150 | 8.6810 | 1.2154 | 1.3545 | 0.07850 | 0.06190 |
S1 | S2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Cost | €∙FU−1 | % | €∙FU−1 | % | |||||
Machinery | 0.1643 | 13.5% | 0.1643 | 12.1% | |||||
Labor | 0.7078 | 58.2% | 0.7077 | 52.2% | |||||
Materials and services | 0.2531 | 20.8% | 0.3797 | 28.0% | |||||
Mulching | 0.0022 | 0.18% | 0.0018 | 0.13% | |||||
Plastic flow pack | 0.0630 | 5.18% | 0.1900 | 14.03% | |||||
Other expenses | 0.0902 | 7.4% | 0.1028 | 7.6% | |||||
Total | 1.2154 | 100% | 1.3545 | 100% |
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Blanc, S.; Massaglia, S.; Brun, F.; Peano, C.; Mosso, A.; Giuggioli, N.R. Use of Bio-Based Plastics in the Fruit Supply Chain: An Integrated Approach to Assess Environmental, Economic, and Social Sustainability. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092475
Blanc S, Massaglia S, Brun F, Peano C, Mosso A, Giuggioli NR. Use of Bio-Based Plastics in the Fruit Supply Chain: An Integrated Approach to Assess Environmental, Economic, and Social Sustainability. Sustainability. 2019; 11(9):2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092475
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlanc, Simone, Stefano Massaglia, Filippo Brun, Cristiana Peano, Angela Mosso, and Nicole Roberta Giuggioli. 2019. "Use of Bio-Based Plastics in the Fruit Supply Chain: An Integrated Approach to Assess Environmental, Economic, and Social Sustainability" Sustainability 11, no. 9: 2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11092475