Does Farmland Rental Contribute to Reduction of Agrochemical Use? A Case of Grain Production in Gansu Province, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Econometric Approach
4. Survey and Data
5. Empirical Results
5.1. Estimation Results of the Propensity Score
5.2. Tests of Sample Matching
5.3. Effects of Farmland Rental on Fertilizer and Pesticide Cost
5.4. Situation of Adoption of New Agricultural Technologies and Management Methods
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions and Implication
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Planting Situations | Renting Land | Renting Out Land | Not Renting Land | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Households planting wheat | 84 | 71 | 324 | 479 |
Households planting maize | 78 | 65 | 309 | 452 |
Households planting both wheat and maize | 62 | 48 | 226 | 336 |
Households not planting either wheat or maize | 14 | 121 | 170 | 305 |
Total | 114 | 209 | 577 | 900 |
Variable | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. | Observations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Renting land | 0.127 | 0.333 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Renting out land | 0.232 | 0.422 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Head age | 50.761 | 11.141 | 21 | 81 | 900 |
Age square | 2700.681 | 1154.397 | 441 | 6561 | 900 |
Occupation | 0.811 | 0.392 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Education | 6.143 | 3.809 | 0 | 16 | 900 |
Health condition | 0.757 | 0.429 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Labor ratio | 0.660 | 0.231 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Income | 11.648 | 9.879 | 0.180 | 101.155 | 900 |
Off-farm income | 0.689 | 0.323 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Land area | 2.585 | 2.136 | 0.057 | 16.500 | 900 |
Irrigation | 0.360 | 0.431 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Landscape | 0.718 | 0.293 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Block size | 1.746 | 0.882 | 0.584 | 3.946 | 900 |
Farmland reallocation | 1.113 | 0.952 | 0 | 3 | 900 |
Farmland rental policy | 0.490 | 0.500 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Xifeng | 0.160 | 0.367 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Yuzhong | 0.174 | 0.380 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Minle | 0.137 | 0.344 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Gulang | 0.031 | 0.174 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Lingtai | 0.033 | 0.180 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Jingning | 0.152 | 0.359 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Huining | 0.147 | 0.354 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Min | 0.166 | 0.372 | 0 | 1 | 900 |
Variable | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. | Observations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wheat analysis | |||||
Planted area | 4.580 | 13.920 | 0.300 | 300.000 | 479 |
Output per mu | 296.718 | 98.933 | 45.000 | 570.000 | 479 |
Fertilizer cost per mu | 100.754 | 47.786 | 0.000 | 260.000 | 479 |
Pesticide cost per mu | 11.745 | 13.886 | 0.000 | 73.000 | 479 |
Fertilizer cost per kg wheat | 0.360 | 0.224 | 0.000 | 1.895 | 479 |
Pesticide cost per kg wheat | 0.041 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 0.322 | 479 |
Maize analysis | |||||
Planted area | 4.213 | 4.968 | 0.100 | 80.000 | 452 |
Output per mu | 579.153 | 159.784 | 220.000 | 1050.000 | 452 |
Fertilizer cost per mu | 126.914 | 61.756 | 0.000 | 330.000 | 452 |
Pesticide cost per mu | 16.566 | 16.873 | 0.000 | 95.000 | 452 |
Fertilizer cost per kg maize | 0.230 | 0.137 | 0.000 | 1.222 | 452 |
Pesticide cost per kg maize | 0.030 | 0.033 | 0.000 | 0.259 | 452 |
Variable | Renting Land | Renting Out Land | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | Robust Standard Error | Coefficient | Robust Standard Error | |
Intercept | −11.882 *** | 3.770 | −0.046 | 2.062 |
Head age | 0.403 *** | 0.147 | 0.112 | 0.077 |
Age square | −0.004 *** | 0.002 | −0.001 | 0.001 |
Occupation | 0.579 | 0.460 | −1.749 *** | 0.261 |
Education | −0.050 | 0.350 | −0.047 | 0.033 |
Health condition | 0.004 | 0.322 | −0.502 * | 0.279 |
Labor ratio | 0.166 | 0.546 | −0.486 | 0.502 |
Income | 0.014 * | 0.010 | 0.019 * | 0.010 |
Off-farm income | −1.022 *** | 0.374 | 0.815 *** | 0.146 |
Land area | −0.026 | 0.072 | 0.136 ** | 0.053 |
Irrigation | 1.172 * | 0.627 | 0.720 | 0.64 |
Landscape | 2.121 ** | 1.050 | −1.151 | 0.981 |
Block size | 0.310 | 0.503 | −1.110 ** | 0.442 |
Farmland reallocation | −0.556 *** | 0.179 | −1.121 *** | 0.172 |
Farmland rental policy | 1.170 *** | 0.304 | 1.395 *** | 0.254 |
Xifeng | −2.960 * | 1.661 | 2.863 ** | 1.419 |
Yuzhong | −0.241 | 0.588 | 0.084 | 0.592 |
Minle | −0.163 | 0.833 | −0.628 | 0.869 |
Gulang | 0.063 | 0.993 | −0.145 | 1.147 |
Lingtai | 0.340 | 0.724 | −0.790 * | 1.054 |
Jingning | 0.277 | 0.678 | 1.155 ** | 0.662 |
Huining | 0.386 | 0.660 | −1.602 | 0.738 |
Observations | 691 | 786 | ||
Pseudo R2 | 0.171 | 0.337 | ||
Log pseudolikelihood | −256.598 | −301.945 | ||
Condition index | 149.85 | 140.80 | ||
AUC | 0.785 | 0.866 |
Variable | U M | Renting Land | Renting Out Land | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean of Treatment Group | Mean of Control Group | Bias (%) | Mean of Control Group | Mean of Treatment Group | Bias (%) | ||
Head age | U | 49.440 | 50.985 | −15.6 | 50.000 | 50.985 | −8.1 |
M | 49.617 | 49.512 | 1.1 | 49.941 | 50.457 | −4.7 | |
Age square | U | 2508.000 | 2730.900 | −21.9 | 2610.800 | 2730.900 | −10.0 |
M | 2526.100 | 2525.500 | 0.1 | 2609.400 | 2660.700 | −4.6 | |
Occupation | U | 0.964 | 0.883 | 31.0 ** | 0.845 | 0.883 | −10.9 |
M | 0.963 | 0.954 | 3.5 | 0.868 | 0.834 | 9.7 | |
Education | U | 6.595 | 6.556 | 1.1 | 6.592 | 6.556 | 1.0 |
M | 6.728 | 6.963 | −6.4 | 6.574 | 6.863 | −7.6 | |
Health condition | U | 0.833 | 0.716 | 28.3 ** | 0.718 | 0.716 | 0.5 |
M | 0.852 | 0.824 | 6.7 | 0.735 | 0.717 | 4.1 | |
Labor ratio | U | 0.674 | 0.648 | 12.1 | 0.686 | 0.648 | 16.1 |
M | 0.673 | 0.656 | 7.9 | 0.683 | 0.684 | −0.5 | |
Income | U | 12.147 | 11.781 | 2.7 | 11.351 | 11.781 | −3.8 |
M | 10.907 | 12.108 | −8.9 | 11.035 | 11.328 | −2.6 | |
Off-farm income | U | 0.571 | 0.707 | −43.1 *** | 0.736 | 0.707 | 11.5 |
M | 0.592 | 0.576 | 5.0 | 0.732 | 0.736 | −1.3 | |
Land area | U | 2.819 | 2.697 | 6.4 | 2.803 | 2.697 | 5.5 |
M | 2.861 | 2.709 | 7.9 | 2.765 | 2.789 | −1.3 | |
Irrigation | U | 0.452 | 0.342 | 24.5 ** | 0.209 | 0.342 | −32.9 |
M | 0.456 | 0.485 | −6.4 | 0.218 | 0.218 | 0.1 | |
Landscape | U | 0.749 | 0.769 | −7.3 | 0.793 | 0.769 | 9.7 |
M | 0.748 | 0.756 | −2.9 | 0.802 | 0.797 | 1.6 | |
Farmland reallocation | U | 1.655 | 2.042 | −50.6 *** | 2.155 | 2.042 | 12.8 |
M | 1.662 | 1.632 | 4.0 | 2.177 | 2.169 | 0.9 | |
Farmland rental policy | U | 0.679 | 1.083 | −50.4 *** | 0.479 | 1.083 | −79.3 *** |
M | 0.679 | 0.757 | −9.7 | 0.657 | 0.683 | -6.8 | |
Block size | U | 0.690 | 0.404 | 59.8 *** | 0.394 | 0.404 | −2.0 |
M | 0.674 | 0.662 | 5.7 | 0.338 | 0.339 | −0.2 | |
Xifeng | U | 0.060 | 0.250 | −54.5 *** | 0.324 | 0.250 | 16.3 |
M | 0.062 | 0.056 | 1.8 | 0.338 | 0.338 | −0.1 | |
Yuzhong | U | 0.071 | 0.130 | −19.4 | 0.056 | 0.130 | −25.4 * |
M | 0.074 | 0.108 | −9. | 0.059 | 0.063 | −1.5 | |
Minle | U | 0.214 | 0.105 | 30.1 *** | 0.127 | 0.105 | 6.8 |
M | 0.610 | 0.207 | 0.8 | 0.132 | 0.135 | −0.8 | |
Gulang | U | 0.036 | 0.068 | −14.5 | 0.000 | 0.068 | −38.1 ** |
M | 0.037 | 0.034 | 1.4 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0 | |
Lingtai | U | 0.071 | 0.062 | 3.9 | 0.028 | 0.062 | −16.2 |
M | 0.049 | 0.040 | 3.7 | 0.029 | 0.032 | −1.2 | |
Jingning | U | 0.286 | 0.154 | 32.0 *** | 0.423 | 0.154 | 61.7 *** |
M | 0.296 | 0.291 | 1.5 | 0.397 | 0.378 | 4.5 | |
Huining | U | 0.202 | 0.173 | 7.5 | 0.028 | 0.173 | −49.5 *** |
M | 0.210 | 0.210 | 0.0 | 0.029 | 0.035 | −2.0 | |
Min | U | 0.060 | 0.059 | 0.4 | 0.014 | 0.059 | −23.9 |
M | 0.062 | 0.056 | 2.6 | 0.015 | 0.019 | −2.4 | |
Treated observations | U | 84 | 71 | ||||
M | 74 | 62 | |||||
Control observations | U | 324 | 324 | ||||
M | 302 | 264 | |||||
Total observations | U | 408 | 395 | ||||
M | 376 | 326 |
Variable | U M | Renting Land | Renting Out Land | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean of Treatment Group | Mean of Control Group | Bias (%) | Mean of Control Group | Mean of Treatment Group | Bias (%) | ||
Head age | U | 48.821 | 51.638 | −30.2 ** | 51.108 | 51.638 | −4.7 |
M | 49.014 | 48.840 | 1.8 | 51.083 | 51.872 | −7.1 | |
Age square | U | 2445.900 | 2789.400 | −35.1 ** | 2736.700 | 2789.400 | -4.5- |
M | 2467.300 | 2460.800 | 0.7 | 2742.800 | 2820.000 | 6.7 | |
Occupation | U | 0.949 | 0.880 | 24.6 * | 0.815 | 0.880 | −18.0 |
M | 0.945 | 0.946 | −0.4 | 0.850 | 0.830 | −5.5 | |
Education | U | 7.423 | 6.641 | 22.6 * | 6.369 | 6.641 | −7.3 |
M | 7.370 | 7.537 | −4.8 | 6.500 | 6.378 | 3.3 | |
Health condition | U | 0.876 | 0.741 | 26.1 * | 0.692 | 0.741 | −10.8 |
M | 0.849 | 0.821 | 6.9 | 0.733 | 0.706 | 6.0 | |
Labor ratio | U | 0.649 | 0.655 | −2.7 | 0.664 | 0.655 | 3.8 |
M | 0.650 | 0.639 | 5.1 | 0.671 | 0.659 | 5.5 | |
Income | U | 11.459 | 11.805 | −2.9 | 12.288 | 11.805 | 3.9 |
M | 11.508 | 11.951 | −3.8 | 11.989 | 11.801 | 1.5 | |
Off-farm income | U | 0.597 | 0.668 | −21.7 * | 0.717 | 0.668 | 17.0 |
M | 0.590 | 0.597 | −2.2 | 0.713 | 0.716 | -1.1 | |
Land area | U | 2.944 | 2.825 | 6.3 | 2.923 | 2.825 | 4.9 |
M | 2.926 | 2.893 | −1.7 | 2.571 | 2.754 | −9.2 | |
Irrigation | U | 0.446 | 0.344 | 23.7 * | 0.222 | 0.344 | −31.1 ** |
M | 0.463 | 0.463 | −0.1 | 0.222 | 0.255 | −8.5 | |
Landscape | U | 0.744 | 0.693 | 16.8 | 0.794 | 0.693 | 36.2 ** |
M | 0.746 | 0.746 | −0.2 | 0.805 | 0.806 | −0.5 | |
Block size | U | 1.731 | 2.085 | −47.7 *** | 2.195 | 2.085 | 12.4 |
M | 1.751 | 1.742 | 1.2 | 2.235 | 2.197 | 4.3 | |
Farmland reallocation | U | 0.731 | 1.256 | −58.0 *** | 0.462 | 1.256 | −94.4 *** |
M | 0.731 | 0.718 | 1.4 | 0.500 | 0.694 | −8.3 | |
Farmland rental policy | U | 0.756 | 0.453 | 65.0 *** | 0.308 | 0.453 | −30.2 ** |
M | 0.577 | 0.513 | 2.7 | 0.349 | 0.367 | −4.0 | |
Xifeng | U | 0.077 | 0.217 | −40.2 *** | 0.338 | 0.217 | 27.3 ** |
M | 0.082 | 0.083 | −0.4 | 0.367 | 0.350 | 3.7 | |
Yuzhong | U | 0.103 | 0.188 | −24.3 * | 0.108 | 0.188 | −22.6 |
M | 0.110 | 0.109 | 0.2 | 0.117 | 0.139 | −6.4 | |
Minle | U | 0.141 | 0.052 | 30.4 *** | 0.062 | 0.052 | 4.2 |
M | 0.137 | 0.153 | −5.5 | 0.050 | 0.069 | −8.2 | |
Gulang | U | 0.051 | 0.068 | −7.0 | 0.000 | 0.068 | −38.1 ** |
M | 0.055 | 0.055 | −0.3 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0 | |
Lingtai | U | 0.051 | 0.006 | 26.8 *** | 0.000 | 0.006 | −11.4 |
M | 0.000 | 0.006 | −3.3 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.0 | |
Jingning | U | 0.269 | 0.168 | 24.5 *** | 0.415 | 0.168 | 56.2 *** |
M | 0.288 | 0.274 | 3.3 | 0.400 | 0.370 | 6.7 | |
Huining | U | 0.308 | 0.301 | 1.5 | 0.077 | 0.301 | −59.5 *** |
M | 0.329 | 0.319 | 2.0 | 0.067 | 0.071 | −1.2 | |
Treated observations | U | 78 | 65 | ||||
M | 76 | 62 | |||||
Control observations | U | 309 | 309 | ||||
M | 282 | 226 | |||||
Total observations | U | 387 | 374 | ||||
M | 358 | 288 |
Variable | Renting Land | Renting Out Land | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NNM | RBM | KBM | NNM | RBM | KBM | |
Output per mu | −14.599 | −15.210 | −14.077 | −37.904 *** | −37.848 *** | −38.706 *** |
(13.785) | (11.961) | (11.454) | (13.622) | (12.716) | (12.495) | |
Fertilizer cost per mu | −16.281 ** | −14.738 ** | −14.789 ** | −6.765 | −8.290 | −8.960 |
(7.495) | (6.653) | (6.551) | (6.971) | (6.169) | (6.177) | |
Pesticide cost per mu | −4.239 * | −3.240 * | −3.236 * | −7.325 *** | −6.723 *** | −6.623 *** |
(2.174) | (1.957) | (1.840) | (1.949) | (1.342) | (1.411) | |
Fertilizer cost per kg wheat | −0.046 | −0.056 | −0.067 | 0.052 | 0.031 | 0.020 |
(0.085) | (0.063) | (0.062) | (0.040) | (0.038) | (0.046) | |
Pesticide cost per kg wheat | −0.008 | −0.056 | −0.006 | −0.017 *** | −0.017 *** | −0.017 *** |
(0.009) | (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.006) | (0.005) | (0.006) | |
Output per mu | −84.631 | −91.262 | −87.233 | −93.306 * | −75.290 * | −74.900 * |
(59.621) | (59.331) | (59.094) | (47.373) | (43.170) | (42.652) | |
Fertilizer cost per mu | −32.981 *** | −36.982 *** | −36.985 *** | −8.992 | −9.114 | −9.666 |
(11.201) | (10.361) | (9.984) | (9.894) | (8.570) | (8.385) | |
Pesticide cost per mu | −5.502 ** | −5.916 ** | −5.775 ** | −7.708 *** | −7.139 *** | −7.218 *** |
(2.785) | (2.608) | (2.338) | (2.913) | (2.355) | (2.300) | |
Fertilizer cost per kg maize | −0.060 *** | −0.060 *** | −0.061 *** | 0.017 | 0.009 | 0.008 |
(0.021) | (0.020) | (0.021) | (0.023) | (0.022) | (0.023) | |
Pesticide cost per kg maize | −0.010 ** | −0.011 *** | −0.010 *** | −0.010 ** | −0.010 ** | −0.012 ** |
(0.005) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.004) |
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Share and Cite
Liu, Y.; Wang, C.; Tang, Z.; Nan, Z. Does Farmland Rental Contribute to Reduction of Agrochemical Use? A Case of Grain Production in Gansu Province, China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082402
Liu Y, Wang C, Tang Z, Nan Z. Does Farmland Rental Contribute to Reduction of Agrochemical Use? A Case of Grain Production in Gansu Province, China. Sustainability. 2019; 11(8):2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082402
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Ying, Chenggang Wang, Zeng Tang, and Zhibiao Nan. 2019. "Does Farmland Rental Contribute to Reduction of Agrochemical Use? A Case of Grain Production in Gansu Province, China" Sustainability 11, no. 8: 2402. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11082402