Estimating the Effects of Economic Agglomeration on Haze Pollution in Yangtze River Delta China Using an Econometric Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methods and Data Source
2.1. Theoretical Model
2.1.1. Theoretical Analysis of the Environmental Effect on Economic Agglomeration
2.1.2. Theoretical Model of Economic Agglomeration and Haze Pollution
2.2. Model Construction and Variable Description
2.2.1. Model Construction
2.2.2. Variable Description and Data Source
2.3. Research Methods
2.3.1. Global Autocorrelation Analysis
2.3.2. Local Autocorrelation Analysis
2.3.3. Kriging Interpolation
2.3.4. Spatial Econometric Model
3. Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Haze Pollution
3.1. Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Annual Average Haze Pollution
3.2. Temporal and Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Seasonal Haze Pollution
3.3. Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis of Haze Pollution
4. Identification of Factors’ Impact on Haze Pollution
4.1. Empirical Results of Spatial Regression
4.2. Analysis of Spatial Spillover Impact on Haze Pollution
4.3. Analysis of the Conduction Effect between Economic Agglomeration and Haze Pollution
4.4. Identification of Factors Affecting Haze Pollution
5. Conclusions and Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Name | Index | Meaning | Unit |
---|---|---|---|---|
explained variable | AQI | concentration of haze | air quality index | |
explaining variable | ag | economic agglomeration | non-agricultural output of unit area | million yuan/km2 |
control variable | pene | energy consumption | per capita electricity consumption | kWh |
con | urban construction | gross product of construction industry | billion yuan | |
pgdp | economic development level | per capita GDP | million yuan | |
pgdp2 | square of per capita GDP | |||
secondary industry | industrial structure | proportion of secondary industry output in GDP | % | |
tertiary industry | the ratio of tertiary industry employed population to the total employed population | % | ||
pden | population scale | permanent residents of unit area | person/km2 | |
rd | R&D investment | proportion of R&D expenditure in GDP | % | |
park | greening level | greenery area of per capita park | m2 | |
green | green coverage of finished area | % | ||
open | opening rate | the percentage of FDI to GDP | % | |
dust | other pollutant | emission of industrial flue dust | t | |
rain | meteorological condition | annual precipitation | mm |
Models | Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) | Spatial Lag Model (SLM) | Spatial Error Model (SEM) |
---|---|---|---|
variable | coefficient | coefficient | coefficient |
W_AQI | 0.4769 ** | ||
ag | −2.0392 ** (−2.2072) | −2.0005 *** (−3.0024) | −2.6673 *** (−2.5725) |
con | 0.2712 ** (2.2039) | 0.3390 ** (1.9325) | 0.2709 ** (1.9963) |
pgdp | −0.7336 ** (−2.4095) | −0.9329 *** (−2.8094) | −0.4976 ** (−3.1209) |
pgdp2 | 1.4827 * (1.4095) | 1.6001 * (0.9859) | 1.4838 ** (1.3542) |
secondary industry | 0.5860 * (1.1776) | 0.7683 ** (2.3587) | 0.5843 ** (2.1865) |
tertiary industry | −0.1790 (−0.4745) | −0.1071 (−0.9405) | −0.1044 (−1.0054) |
pden | 1.1255 ** (1.9816) | 1.2163 *** (3.4276) | 1.4345 *** (2.9961) |
rd | 1.1037 ** (1.9401) | 1.0180 ** (2.4317) | 1.3278 ** (1.8937) |
open | −0.0671 * (−1.1836) | −0.1408 ** (−2.3169) | −0.1157 ** (−1.9886) |
park | 0.1771 (0.0782) | 0.1227 (0.1892) | 0.1619 (0.5623) |
green | 0.3822 (1.0542) | 0.284 (0.7872) | 0.5092 (1.0293) |
pene | −0.3562 * (−1.1445) | −0.3044 ** (−2.4890) | −0.4000 * (−1.2503) |
dust | 0.4069 (0.5434) | 0.4924 * (1.4529) | 0.4424 * (1.3746) |
rain | −0.2003 (−0.3634) | −0.0672 (−0.7384) | −0.2444 (−0.0921) |
R-squared | 0.7492 | 0.7551 | 0.7249 |
Models | Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) | Spatial Lag Model (SLM) | Spatial Error Model (SEM) |
---|---|---|---|
Log-likelihood | −21.7848 | −17.243871 | −20.1582 |
AIC | 73.5697 | 64.4877 | 72.3164 |
SC | 92.4411 | 83.3592 | 92.446 |
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Ma, R.; Wang, C.; Jin, Y.; Zhou, X. Estimating the Effects of Economic Agglomeration on Haze Pollution in Yangtze River Delta China Using an Econometric Analysis. Sustainability 2019, 11, 1893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071893
Ma R, Wang C, Jin Y, Zhou X. Estimating the Effects of Economic Agglomeration on Haze Pollution in Yangtze River Delta China Using an Econometric Analysis. Sustainability. 2019; 11(7):1893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071893
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Renfeng, Congcong Wang, Yixia Jin, and Xiaojing Zhou. 2019. "Estimating the Effects of Economic Agglomeration on Haze Pollution in Yangtze River Delta China Using an Econometric Analysis" Sustainability 11, no. 7: 1893. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11071893