GIS-Based Livelihood Vulnerability Index Mapping of the Socioeconomy of the Pekan Community
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Household Surveys
2.3. LVI Calculation
2.4. Incorporating the LVI–IPCC Framework Approach
2.5. LVI Mapping Using GIS
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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IPCC Contributing Factors to Vulnerability | Major Components | Sub-components | Units |
---|---|---|---|
Adaptive capacity | Socio-demographic profile | Dependency ratio | Ratio |
Percent of female-headed households | % | ||
Average age of female head of household | count | ||
Percent of households where head of household has not attended school | % | ||
Percent of households with orphans | % | ||
Percent of poor households (income below RM940) | % | ||
Average number of family members in a household | count | ||
Livelihood strategies | Percent of households with a family member working in a different community | % | |
Percent of households dependent solely on agriculture as a source of income | % | ||
Percent of households with no job during flood season | % | ||
Average agriculture livelihood diversification index (range: 0.20–1) | 1/#livelihoods | ||
Percent of households without a non-agricultural livelihood income contribution | % | ||
Percent of households exploring NR (during flood seasons) | % | ||
Percent of households that fish (during flood season) | % | ||
Social network | Average money borrowing–lending ratio | Ratio | |
Percent of households that receive help due to flooding | % | ||
Percent of households participating as volunteers during floods | % | ||
Percent of households that have not been participating in any organizations | % | ||
Percent of households that have not gone to their local government for assistance | % | ||
Sensitivity | Health | Average time to get to a health facility | Minutes |
Percent of households with a family member with a chronic illness | % | ||
Percent of households where a family had to miss work or school in the last 2 weeks due to illness | % | ||
Percent of households with a family member who got ill due to flooding | % | ||
Food | Average crop diversity index | 1/#crops | |
Percent of households that do not save food | % | ||
Percent of households that not cultivate 3rd crops | % | ||
Percent of households that do not sell/barter crops for other food supplies | % | ||
Water | Percent of households that utilize a natural water source | % | |
Percent of households that do not have a consistent water supply | % | ||
Average time to water sources | Minutes | ||
Inverse of the average number of liters of water stored per household (range: 0–1) | 1/Liters | ||
Housing | Percent of households with non-solid houses (wood) | % | |
Percent of households with houses not elevated by high ground to avoid floods | % | ||
Percent of households with housing affected by floods | % | ||
Land | Percent of households without ownership of the lands they live on (landless) | % | |
Percent of households with small land area (0.1–0.5 ha) | % | ||
Finance & Income | Percent of households that borrow money | % | |
Percent of households with income affected due to flooding | % | ||
Exposure | Natural Disasters and Climate Variability | Average number of floods in the past 7 years | count |
Percent of households with losses of physical assets (machinery) due to flooding | % | ||
Percent of households with injuries or deaths from natural disasters in the last 7 years | % | ||
Percent of households that did not receive a warning about flooding | % |
Classification | Range |
---|---|
Most invulnerable | 0.000000–0.239500 |
Not vulnerable | 0.239501–0.479000 |
Vulnerable | 0.479001–0.718500 |
Most vulnerable | 0.718501–1.000000 |
Major Components | Sub-Components | Pahang Tua | Penyur | Gancung | Langgar | Pulau Manis | Pekan | Kuala Pahang | Lepar | Pulau Rusa | Temai | Maximum Value in all Sub-Districts | Minimum Value in all Sub-Districts |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-Demographic Profile | Dependency ratio | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.53 | 0.04 | 1.44 | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 3 | 0 |
Percent of female-headed households | 25 | 31.50 | 27 | 31 | 23 | 14 | 30 | 20 | 5 | 8 | 100 | 0 | |
Average age of female head of household | 70.60 | 59.50 | 51 | 61.60 | 50.10 | 61.60 | 62 | 63.30 | 41 | 60.50 | 71 | 0 | |
Percent of households where head of household has not attended school | 5 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3.5 | 10 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households with orphans | 5 | 7 | 7 | 13 | 15 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of poor households (income below RM940) | 45 | 49.30 | 60 | 33.70 | 30.80 | 27.30 | 45 | 30 | 20 | 28 | 100 | 0 | |
Average number of family members in a household | 4.40 | 3 | 1.90 | 4.30 | 3 | 4.10 | 2.25 | 2.93 | 5.15 | 3.08 | 7 | 0 | |
Livelihood Strategies | Percent of households with a family member working in a different community | 50 | 39.50 | 30 | 41 | 46 | 32 | 0 | 30 | 30 | 28 | 100 | 0 |
Percent of households dependent solely on agriculture as a source of income | 20 | 16.50 | 23 | 5 | 23 | 3.5 | 20 | 13 | 25 | 0 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households with no job during flood season | 25 | 36.55 | 20 | 20.15 | 46.20 | 7.35 | 0 | 3.30 | 30 | 60 | 100 | 0 | |
Average agriculture livelihood diversification index (range: 0.20–1) | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0.98 | 1 | 1 | 0.2 | |
Percent households without non-agricultural livelihood income contributions | 5 | 19.50 | 23.30 | 15.40 | 11.50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households exploring NR (during flood seasons) | 15 | 4.75 | 3.30 | 2.65 | 19.20 | 46.65 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 12 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households that fish (during flood season) | 30 | 34.05 | 33.30 | 20.15 | 19.20 | 2 | 0 | 23.30 | 50 | 32 | 100 | 0 | |
Social Network | Average money borrowing–lending ratio | 1.25 | 1.21 | 1.2 | 1.15 | 1.46 | 1.26 | 0.90 | 0.88 | 1.35 | 1.18 | 2 | 0.5 |
Percent of households that receive help due to flooding | 100 | 100 | 96.70 | 92.35 | 100 | 100 | 70 | 100 | 95 | 100 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households that participate as volunteers during floods | 20 | 53.55 | 26.70 | 7.65 | 46.20 | 10 | 20 | 23.30 | 45 | 60 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households that are in any organizations | 80 | 73.55 | 90 | 76.95 | 57.70 | 98 | 50 | 30 | 65 | 60 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households that have not gone to their local government for assistance | 70 | 92.60 | 90 | 76.95 | 69.20 | 32 | 90 | 86.70 | 95 | 76 | 100 | 0 | |
Health | Average time to get to a health facility | 4.25 | 8.31 | 9.40 | 9.64 | 12.08 | 14.8 | 6.30 | 7.33 | 12.45 | 11.84 | 22 | 0 |
Percent of households with family members with chronic illness | 65 | 36.80 | 46.70 | 61.45 | 42.30 | 27.35 | 70 | 43.30 | 40 | 36 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households where a family member had to miss work or school in the last 2 weeks due to illness | 30 | 36.55 | 56.70 | 25.15 | 69.20 | 16 | 0 | 40 | 25 | 40 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households with a family member contract an illness due to floods | 15 | 21.55 | 10 | 27.75 | 34.60 | 5.35 | 25 | 0 | 10 | 16 | 100 | 0 | |
Food | Average crop diversity index | 0.20 | 0.41 | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.25 | 0 | 0 | 0.50 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.5 | 0 |
Percent of households that do not save food | 75 | 100 | 96.70 | 97.50 | 80.80 | 100 | 60 | 100 | 100 | 76 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households that do not cultivate 3rd crops | 80 | 97.50 | 93.30 | 97.50 | 96.20 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 90 | 100 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households that do not sell/barter crops for other food supplies | 65 | 92.75 | 90 | 94.85 | 69.20 | 100 | 85 | 83.30 | 75 | 76 | 100 | 0 | |
Water | Percent of households that utilize a natural water source | 10 | 71.30 | 80 | 5.25 | 11.50 | 0 | 10 | 73.30 | 35 | 12 | 100 | 0 |
Percent of households that do not have a consistent water supply | 20 | 21.55 | 0 | 5 | 23.10 | 36.65 | 0 | 96.70 | 10 | 20 | 100 | 0 | |
Average time to get to water sources | 0.78 | 20.68 | 6 | 2.41 | 4.15 | 24.66 | 1.5 | 11.67 | 0.13 | 9.08 | 49 | 0 | |
Inverse of the average number of liters of water stored per household (range: 0–1) | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.82 | 1 | 0 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 1 | 0 | |
Housing | Percent of households with non-solid houses (wood) | 15 | 11.90 | 3.30 | 36.60 | 11.50 | 16 | 0 | 3.30 | 20 | 24 | 100 | 0 |
Percent of households with houses not elevated by high ground to avoid floods | 20 | 60.1 | 56.7 | 25.25 | 46.2 | 94 | 25 | 30 | 60 | 28 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households with housing affected by floods | 65 | 75.60 | 50 | 61.20 | 76.90 | 6 | 95 | 83.30 | 60 | 92 | 100 | 0 | |
Land | Percent of households without ownership of the lands they live on (landless) | 15 | 21.50 | 9.90 | 15.25 | 38.50 | 29.35 | 30 | 16.63 | 5 | 12 | 100 | 0 |
Percent of households with small land area (0.1–0.5 ha) | 65 | 56.55 | 93.30 | 51.20 | 50 | 76.65 | 85 | 36.30 | 40 | 80 | 100 | 0 | |
Finance & Income | Percent of households that borrow money | 25 | 21.65 | 23.30 | 17.75 | 46.20 | 11.35 | 10 | 10 | 40 | 24 | 100 | 0 |
Percent of households with income affected due to floods | 25 | 36.55 | 20 | 20.15 | 46.2 | 7.35 | 0 | 3.30 | 30 | 60 | 100 | 0 | |
Natural Disasters and Climate Variability | Average number of floods in the past 7 years | 2.15 | 0.73 | 3.57 | 2.06 | 2.69 | 1.42 | 6.50 | 2.20 | 2.45 | 3.44 | 7 | 0 |
Percent of households with losses to physical assets (house/machinery) due to flooding | 25 | 36.20 | 33.30 | 20.15 | 61.50 | 10 | 35 | 50 | 20 | 16 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households with injury or death from natural disasters in the last 7 years | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.80 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 100 | 0 | |
Percent of households that did not receive a warning about flooding | 0 | 16.90 | 0 | 2.65 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 3.30 | 10 | 16 | 100 | 0 |
Major Component | Pahang Tua | Gancung | Penyur | Pulau Manis | Kuala Pahang | Lepar | Pulau Rusa | Langgar | Temai | Pekan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-Demographic Profile | 0.36 | 0.28 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.24 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 0.34 |
Livelihood Strategies | 0.38 | 0.36 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.21 | 0.27 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.30 |
Social Network | 0.70 | 0.76 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.78 | 0.66 | 0.75 | 0.64 |
Health | 0.32 | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.50 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.33 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.29 |
Food | 0.65 | 0.80 | 0.93 | 0.74 | 0.61 | 0.95 | 0.82 | 0.89 | 0.79 | 0.75 |
Water | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.41 | 0.11 | 0.28 | 0.48 | 0.16 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.42 |
Housing | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.49 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.48 | 0.38 |
Land | 0.40 | 0.51 | 0.39 | 0.44 | 0.57 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.33 | 0.46 | 0.53 |
Finance and Income | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.46 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.35 | 0.18 | 0.42 | 0.09 |
Natural Disasters and Climate Variability | 0.15 | 0.59 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.09 |
LVI | 0.38 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.78 | 0.41 | 0.61 |
IPCC Contributing Factors to Vulnerability | Pahang Tua | Gancung | Penyur | Pulau Manis | Kuala Pahang | Lepar | Pulau Rusa | Langgar | Temai | Pekan |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adaptive capacity | −0.10 | 0.06 | −0.17 | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.07 | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.09 | −0.14 |
Sensitivity | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.51 | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.43 |
Exposure | 0.15 | 0.59 | 0.15 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.09 |
LVI–IPCC | −0.10 | 0.06 | −0.17 | −0.08 | −0.01 | −0.07 | −0.11 | −0.12 | −0.09 | −0.14 |
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Abd Majid, N.; Muhamad Nazi, N.; Mohd Idris, N.D.; Taha, M.R. GIS-Based Livelihood Vulnerability Index Mapping of the Socioeconomy of the Pekan Community. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6935. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11246935
Abd Majid N, Muhamad Nazi N, Mohd Idris ND, Taha MR. GIS-Based Livelihood Vulnerability Index Mapping of the Socioeconomy of the Pekan Community. Sustainability. 2019; 11(24):6935. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11246935
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbd Majid, Nuriah, Nurafiqah Muhamad Nazi, Nor Diana Mohd Idris, and Mohd. Raihan Taha. 2019. "GIS-Based Livelihood Vulnerability Index Mapping of the Socioeconomy of the Pekan Community" Sustainability 11, no. 24: 6935. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11246935