Potential Reconstruction Design of an Existing Townhouse in Washington DC for Approaching Net Zero Energy Building Goal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- How can we manipulate an existing building to minimise its energy use intensity by changing building elements?
- How much does the reconstruction of the townhouse cost?
- How can renewable energy technologies support the annual energy usage of the existing building?
2. Literature Review
2.1. Definition of NZEB
2.2. Net Zero Energy Building Balance
2.2.1. Energy Demand (Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving)
2.2.2. Energy Supply (Renewable Energy Technologies)
3. Methodology
3.1. Building Information Model (BIM) and Revit
3.1.1. Elements of the Building Envelope
3.1.2. Energy and Cost Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Energy and Cost Analysis Result
4.1.1. Three Models from Revit Software
4.1.2. An Option for Improved Energy Efficiency of the Townhouse
4.2. Cost of Reconstruction
4.2.1. Revit
4.2.2. Self-Build Calculator
4.2.3. FIXR Cost Guide
4.2.4. Greencore Construction
4.3. Renewable Energy Technology
4.3.1. Solar Panels
4.3.2. Wind Turbine
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- United Stated Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2017; EPA: Washington, DC, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Hermelink, A.; Schimschar, S.; Boermans, T.; Pagliano, L.; Zangheri, P.; Armani, R.; Musall, E. Towards Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings Definition of Common Principles under the EPBD—Final Report. In Proceedings of the 2013 European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy, Brussels, Belgium, 14 February 2013; Volume 17. [Google Scholar]
- Kaewunruen, S.; Rungskunroch, P.; Welsh, J. A Digital-Twin Evaluation of Net Zero Energy Building for Existing Buildings. Sustainability 2018, 11, 159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Torcellini, P.; Pless, S.; Deru, M.; Crawley, D. Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition; No. NREL/CP-550-39833; National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL): Golden, CO, USA, 2006.
- Sartori, I.; Napolitano, A.; Voss, K. Net zero energy buildings: A consistent definition framework. Energy Build. 2012, 48, 220–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pacheco, R.; Ordóñez, J.; Martínez, G. Energy efficient design of building: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2012, 16, 3559–3573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akadiri, P.; Chinyio, E.; Olomolaiye, P. Design of a Sustainable Building: A Conceptual Framework for Implementing Sustainability in the Building Sector. Buildings 2012, 2, 126–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Berardinis, P.; Rotilio, M.; Capannolo, L. Energy and Sustainable Strategies in the renovation of existing buildings: An Italian Case Study. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sierra-Pérez, J.; Rodríguez-Soria, B.; Boschmonart-Rives, J.; Gabarrell, X. Integrated life cycle assessment and thermodynamic simulation of a public building’s envelope renovation: Conventional vs. Passivhaus proposal. Appl. Energy 2018, 212, 1510–1521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aksamija, A. Regenerative Design of Existing Buildings for Net-Zero Energy Use. Procedia Eng. 2015, 118, 72–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roos, A.; Karlsson, B. Optical and thermal characterization of multiple glazed windows with low U-values. Sol. Energy 1994, 52, 315–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- González-Julián, E.; Xamán, J.; Moraga, N.; Chávez, Y.; Zavala-Guillén, I.; Simá, E. Annual thermal evaluation of a double pane window using glazing available in the Mexican market. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2018, 143, 100–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sadooghi, P.; Kherani, N. Thermal analysis of triple and quadruple windows using partitioning radiant energy veils™ with different physical and optical properties. Sol. Energy 2018, 174, 1163–1168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- My Job Quote. Cost of Triple Glazed Windows: Triple Glazing Costs and Benefits. Available online: https://www.myjobquote.co.uk/costs/triple-glazed-windows (accessed on 29 July 2019).
- Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Census Region for Sum of Major Fuels for Non-Mall Buildings, 2003: Energy Information Administration. 2006. Available online: https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2003/pdf/c5.pdf (accessed on 29 July 2019).
- Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS). Consumption and Gross Energy Intensity by Census Region for Sum of Major Fuels for Non-Mall Buildings, 2012: Energy Information Administration. 2016. Available online: https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2012/c&e/pdf/c5.pdf (accessed on 29 July 2019).
- Energy Star. U.S. Energy Use Intensity by Property Type. 2018. Available online: https://portfoliomanager.energystar.gov/pdf/reference/US%20National%20Median%20Table.pdf (accessed on 29 July 2019).
- American Institute of Architects (AIA). Baseline and Goal Energy Use Intensity (EUI) for Whole Building Projects: U.S. National Average Site EUI. Available online: https://2030ddx.aia.org/helps/National%20Avg%20EUI (accessed on 20 July 2019).
- American Institute of Architects (AIA). An Architect’s Guide to Integrating Energy Modeling in The Design Process. 2012. Available online: http://content.aia.org/sites/default/files/2016-04/Energy-Modeling-Design-Process-Guide.pdf (accessed on 20 July 2019).
- Marszal, A.; Heiselberg, P.; Bourrelle, J.; Musall, E.; Voss, K.; Sartori, I.; Napolitano, A. Zero Energy Building–A review of definitions and calculation methodologies. Energy Build. 2011, 43, 971–979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, J.Y.; Kuan, Y.D.; Liou, S.S. Integration of renewable energy technology in building. Appl. Mech. Mater. 2011, 71, 2336–2340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chua, K.J.; Yang, W.M.; Wong, T.Z.; Ho, C.A. Integrating renewable energy technologies to support building trigeneration–A multi-criteria analysis. Renew. Energy 2012, 41, 358–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, L.P.; Fan, S. Comprehensive use of renewable energy in building. Adv. Mater. Res. 2013, 734, 1671–1674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Visa, I.; Moldovan, M.D.; Comsit, M.; Duta, A. Improving the renewable energy mix in a building toward the nearly zero energy status. Energy Build. 2014, 68, 72–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drafting Services. Construction Drawings-Residential Townhouse Remodel. Available online: https://www.draftingservices.com/construction-drawings.html (accessed on 20 July 2019).
- Academy Archistar. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Revit: Everything You Need to Know About the Revit BIM Software: Academy Archistar. 2019. Available online: https://academy.archistar.ai/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-revit (accessed on 29 July 2019).
- Autodesk Knowledge Network. Advanced Energy Settings Academy: Autodesk. 2019. Available online: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/revit-products/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2019/ENU/Revit-Analyze/files/GUID-24528ACB-E82C-410F-BEB7-24BDBA6D0769-htm.html (accessed on 20 July 2019).
- North-West University. Energy Efficiency in Building Thermal Systems. 2018. Available online: https://www.coursehero.com/file/32105923/Building-Energy-Auditing-Module-9-Finalpdf/ (accessed on 20 July 2019).
- UK Power. Gas & Electricity Tariff Prices per kWh. 2018. Available online: https://www.ukpower.co.uk/home_energy/tariffs-per-unit-kwh (accessed on 1 August 2019).
- Karlsson, J. Control system and energy saving potential for switchable windows. In Proceedings of the Seventh International IBPSA Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 13–15 August 2001; pp. 199–206. [Google Scholar]
- Custom Weather. Climate & Weather Averages in Washington DC, USA. Annual Weather Averages Near Washington DC. 2019. Available online: https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/usa/washington-dc/climate (accessed on 5 August 2019).
- Custom Weather. Climate & Weather Averages in Stockholm, Sweden. Annual Weather Averages Near Stockholm. 2019. Available online: https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/sweden/stockholm/climate (accessed on 5 August 2019).
- Custom Weather. Climate & Weather Averages in Denver, Colorado, USA. Annual Weather Averages Near Denver. 2019. Available online: https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/usa/denver/climate (accessed on 5 August 2019).
- Custom Weather. Climate & Weather Averages in Miami, Florida, USA. Annual Weather Averages Near Miami. 2019. Available online: https://www.timeanddate.com/weather/usa/miami/climate (accessed on 5 August 2019).
- Fixr. House Demolition Cost. 2016. Available online: https://www.fixr.com/costs/house-demolition (accessed on 1 August 2019).
- Home Advice Guide. Flat Roof Cost-Flat Roof Repairs and Replacement Price. 2019. Available online: http://www.homeadviceguide.com/flat-roof-prices-how-much-will-it-cost/ (accessed on 1 August 2019).
- Holmes, M. How Much Does It Cost to Build a House? Discover How to Accurately Estimate How Much It Will Cost to Build Your Own Home, and How Different Factors Can Affect the Outcome. 2019. Available online: https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/the-ultimate-build-cost-guide/ (accessed on 1 August 2019).
- Huang, J.; Lv, H.; Gao, T.; Feng, W.; Chen, Y.; Zhou, T. Thermal properties optimization of envelope in energy-saving renovation of existing public buildings. Energy Build. 2014, 75, 504–510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Household Quotes. How Much Does Triple Glazing Cost? 2019. Available online: https://householdquotes.co.uk/how-much-does-triple-glazing-cost (accessed on 1 August 2019).
- Self-Build. Self-Build Cost Calculator–House. 2019. Available online: https://www.self-build.co.uk/build-cost-calculator/build-cost-calculator-house-page/?loggedin=true#top-of-page (accessed on 1 August 2019).
- Fixr. Build A Townhouse Cost. 2016. Available online: https://www.fixr.com/costs/build-townhouse (accessed on 1 August 2019).
- Pritchett, L. The True Cost of Building a House: An Honest Guide to the Cost of Building Your Own Home on Your Own Land. 2017. Available online: https://www.greencoreconstruction.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/greencore_the-true-cost-of-building-a-house.pdf (accessed on 1 August 2019).
- Go Green Solar. 30195 Watt (30 kW) DIY Solar Install Kit with Solar Edge Inverter. 2019. Available online: https://www.gogreensolar.com/products/30000-watt-30kw-diy-solar-install-kit-w-solaredge-inverter (accessed on 11 August 2019).
- Go Green Solar. 30 kW (30000 W) Solar Panel Ground Mount Installation Kit. 2019. Available online: https://www.gogreensolar.com/products/30000-watt-30kw-solar-panel-ground-mount-installation-kit (accessed on 11 August 2019).
- Wind Turbine Models. Evoco 10 kW. Available online: https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/1606-evoco-10kw#models (accessed on 11 August 2019).
- The Renewable Energy Hub. How Much is a Wind Turbine Likely to Make Me and over What Period; How Much Profit Will I Make from a Wind Turbine. 2018. Available online: https://www.renewableenergyhub.co.uk/main/wind-turbines/how-much-is-a-wind-turbine-likely-to-make-me-and-over-what-period/ (accessed on 11 August 2019).
- Kaewunruen, S.; Sussman, J.M.; Matsumoto, A. Grand challenges in transportation and transit systems. Front. Built. Environ. 2016, 2, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Townhouse Models | EUI (kWh/m2/year) | Remaining Energy (kWh/year) | Reduced Energy (kWh/year) |
---|---|---|---|
Original | 154.5 | 49,246.88 | |
Improved thermal efficiency | 141.9 | 45,230.63 | 4016.25 |
Improved thermal efficiency with increased thickness insulation | 138.8 | 44,242.50 | 5004.38 |
Townhouse Models | EUI (kWh/m2/year) | Remaining Energy (kWh/year) | Annual Energy Cost (£) | Annual Reduced Energy Cost (£) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Original | 154.5 | 49,246.88 | 6254.35 | |
Improved thermal efficiency | 141.9 | 45,230.63 | 5744.29 | 510.06 |
Improved thermal efficiency with increased thickness insulation | 138.8 | 44,242.50 | 5618.80 | 635.56 |
Options | Saving (kWh/m2/year) | Annual Reduced Energy (kWh) | Remaining Energy (kWh/year) |
---|---|---|---|
Switchable window | 25 | 736.25 | 43,506.25 |
Switchable window | 75 | 2208.75 | 42,033.75 |
Identity | g (%) | U (W/m2 K) | Category | Panes | Tvis (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smart 1 | 44/15 | 1.6 | 1 | 2 + 1 | 50/15 |
Smart 2 | 36/12 | 1.1 | 1 | 2 + 1 | 50/15 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kaewunruen, S.; Sresakoolchai, J.; Kerinnonta, L. Potential Reconstruction Design of an Existing Townhouse in Washington DC for Approaching Net Zero Energy Building Goal. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236631
Kaewunruen S, Sresakoolchai J, Kerinnonta L. Potential Reconstruction Design of an Existing Townhouse in Washington DC for Approaching Net Zero Energy Building Goal. Sustainability. 2019; 11(23):6631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236631
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaewunruen, Sakdirat, Jessada Sresakoolchai, and Lalida Kerinnonta. 2019. "Potential Reconstruction Design of an Existing Townhouse in Washington DC for Approaching Net Zero Energy Building Goal" Sustainability 11, no. 23: 6631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236631
APA StyleKaewunruen, S., Sresakoolchai, J., & Kerinnonta, L. (2019). Potential Reconstruction Design of an Existing Townhouse in Washington DC for Approaching Net Zero Energy Building Goal. Sustainability, 11(23), 6631. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236631