Sustainable Diets and Meat Consumption Reduction in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Colombia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methods for the Environmental Dimension
2.2. Methods for the Health/Nutrition Dimension
Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Environmental Dimension
3.1.1. Water Footprint
3.1.2. Carbon Footprint
3.2. Health/Nutrition Dimension
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nutrient. | Unit | Food Type | Nutritional Value per 100g (ICBF, 2018) | p-Value* | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beef | Chicken | Red Beans | Lentils | ||||
Protein | g | Beef | 36.1 | ||||
Chicken | 28.4 | 0.3108 | |||||
Red beans | 8.1 | 0.004198 | 0.0004106 | ||||
Lentils | 7.7 | 0.002803 | 0.0002924 | 1 | |||
Total fat | g | Beef | 7.9 | ||||
Chicken | 3 | 0.2244 | |||||
Red beans | 0.6 | 0.02722 | 0.4565 | ||||
Lentils | 0.5 | 0.02406 | 0.4186 | 1 | |||
Cholesterol | mg | Beef | 90 | ||||
Chicken | 77 | 0.3529 | |||||
Red beans | 0 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | ||||
Lentils | 0 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | NA | |||
Carbohydrates | g | Beef | 0.5 | ||||
Chicken | 0.3 | 1 | |||||
Red beans | 26.9 | 0.0001757 | 0.0001286 | ||||
Lentils | 18.5 | 0.04138 | 0.03078 | 0.2116 | |||
Dietary fiber | g | Beef | 0 | ||||
Chicken | 0 | NA | |||||
Red beans | 7.6 | 0.01465 | 0.01465 | ||||
Lentils | 6.5 | 0.02829 | 0.02829 | 0.978 | |||
Calcium | mg | Beef | 5 | ||||
Chicken | 13 | 0.09894 | |||||
Red beans | 46 | 0.00002121 | 0.03091 | ||||
Lentils | 14 | 0.06644 | 1 | 0.06263 | |||
Iron | mg | Beef | 3.1 | ||||
Chicken | 0.9 | 0.5485 | |||||
Red beans | 2.1 | 1 | 0.9081 | ||||
Lentils | 1.7 | 0.8551 | 1 | 1 | |||
Magnesium | mg | Beef | 26 | ||||
Chicken | 25 | 1 | |||||
Red beans | 52 | 0.004637 | 0.003041 | ||||
Lentils | 21 | 0.5595 | 0.6582 | 0.000445 | |||
Phosphorus | mg | Beef | 202 | ||||
Chicken | 165 | 0.05998 | |||||
Red beans | 139 | 0.0007784 | 0.1513 | ||||
Lentils | 98 | 0.000002662 | 0.04653 | 0.009327 | |||
Potassium | mg | Beef | 334 | ||||
Chicken | 220 | 0.001528 | |||||
Red beans | 442 | 0.0001188 | 0.0000 | ||||
Lentils | 204 | 0.00002561 | 0.4659 | 0.0000 | |||
Sodium | mg | Beef | 48 | ||||
Chicken | 63 | 0.1838 | |||||
Red beans | 1 | 0.00000004957 | 0.00000000002417 | ||||
Lentils | 6 | 0.00002403 | 0.00000001554 | 0.1306 | |||
Zinc | mg | Beef | 6.2 | ||||
Chicken | 1 | 0.1175 | |||||
Red beans | 1 | 0.1175 | 1 | ||||
Lentils | 1.1 | 0.1291 | 1 | 1 | |||
Vitamin C | mg | Beef | 0 | ||||
Chicken | 0 | NA | |||||
Red beans | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Lentils | 3 | 0.2482 | 0.2482 | 0.6171 | |||
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) | mg | Beef | 0.07 | ||||
Chicken | 0.05 | 1 | |||||
Red beans | 0.21 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Lentils | 0.28 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) | mg | Beef | 0.24 | ||||
Chicken | 0.12 | 1 | |||||
Red beans | 0.06 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Lentils | 0.07 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Niacin (Vitamin B3) | mg | Beef | 4.3 | ||||
Chicken | 8.5 | 0.3711 | |||||
Red beans | 0.4 | 0.181 | 0.01731 | ||||
Lentils | 1 | 0.3178 | 0.03495 | 1 | |||
Folate (Vitamin B9) | μg | Beef | 9 | ||||
Chicken | 3 | 0.1489 | |||||
Red beans | 172 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | ||||
Lentils | 33 | 0.0003867 | 0.001342 | 0.0000 | |||
Vitamin B12 | μg | Beef | 2.74 | ||||
Chicken | 0.23 | 0.3809 | |||||
Red beans | 0 | 0.2932 | 1 | ||||
Lentils | 0 | 0.2932 | 1 | NA | |||
Vitamin A RAE | μg | Beef | 0 | ||||
Chicken | 6 | 0.04123 | |||||
Red beans | 0 | NA | 0.04123 | ||||
Lentils | 5 | 0.07364 | 1 | 0.07364 |
Per Capita Consumption | Beef | Chicken | Red Beans | Lentils | |
Average per capita consumption in kg in 2018 (FEDEGAN. 2019; FENALCE. 2018) | 18.20 | 33.80 | 3.20 | 1.52 | |
Water Footprint | Beef | Chicken | Red Beans | Lentils | |
Water footprint of products (lt/kg) (Hoekstra & Mekonnen. 2011 & 2012) | 7545 | 3246 | 2671 | 5874 | |
Approx annual water footprint per capita per product - Colombia (lt) | 137,319 | 109,715 | 8546 | 8928 | |
Carbon Footprint | Beef-Without LUC | Beef-With LUC | Chicken | Red Beans | Lentils |
Production emissions (kg CO2e per kg prod) (Cederberg. et al. 2011; EWG. 2011b) | 28 | 44 | 3.58 | 0.70 | 0.37 |
Post-farmgate emissions (kg CO2e per kg prod) (EWG. 2011b) | 3.72 | 3.30 | 1.30 | 0.53 | |
Additional post-farmgate emissions - Shipping Int.Water Container (kg CO2e per kg prod)(Weber & Mathews. 2008) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.10 |
Total Carbon Footprint - production and post farmgate emissions (kg CO2e per kg prod) | 31.72 | 47.72 | 6.88 | 2 | 1 |
Approx annual carbon footprint per capita per product in Colombia (kg CO2 eq) | 577.30 | 868.50 | 232.54 | 6.40 | 1.52 |
Additional post-farmgate emissions - Shipping Int.Water Container | |||||
Product - Shipping route | Shipping Km | Shipping emissions (t CO2e/t-km)(Weber & Mathews. 2008) | Carbon Footprint (tons of CO2e per ton prod) | Carbon Footprint (kg of CO2e per kg prod) | |
Lentils - Vancouver/Cartagena | 8102 | 0.000014 | 0.113428 | 0.113428 | |
Lentils - Montreal/Cartagena | 5571 | 0.000014 | 0.077994 | 0.077994 | |
Lentils - Vancouver/Buenaventura | 7751 | 0.000014 | 0.108514 | 0.108514 | |
Average Carbon Footprint | 0.10 |
Nutritional Value per 100g (ICBF, 2018) | Dietary Reference Intakes (Ministry of Health, 2016) | Percentage of the Dietary Reference Intakes (Ministry of Health, 2016) Based on the Average per Capita Daily Consumption in Colombia of Nutrients from Each Food Source | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy & Nutrients | Unit | Beef (Boneless Loin Steak) | Poultry (Boneless, Skinless Breast) | Red Beans | Lentils | Beef (Boneless Loin Steak) | Poultry (Boneless, Skinless Breast) | Red Beans | Lentils | |
Energy | kcal | 218 | 141 | 161 | 122 | 2575 | 4% | 5% | 1% | 0% |
Protein | g | 36.1 | 28.4 | 8.1 | 7.7 | 72.15 | 25% | 36% | 1% | 0.4% |
Total fat | g | 7.9 | 3 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 35 | 11% | 8% | 0% | 0% |
Saturated fatty acids | g | 3.4 | 0.8 | N/A | N/A | 10 | 17% | 7% | ||
Monounsaturated fatty acids | g | 3.3 | 1 | N/A | N/A | N/A | ||||
Polyunsaturated fatty acids | g | 0.5 | 0.7 | N/A | N/A | 1.2 | 21% | 54% | ||
Cholesterol | mg | 90 | 77 | 0 | 0 | 300 | 15% | 24% | 0% | 0% |
Carbohydrate | g | 0.5 | 0.3 | 26.9 | 18.5 | 130 | 0.19% | 0.21% | 1.8% | 0.6% |
Dietary fiber | g | 0 | 0 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 31.5 | 0% | 0% | 2.1% | 0.9% |
Calcium | mg | 5 | 13 | 46 | 14 | 1000 | 0% | 1% | 0% | 0% |
Iron | mg | 3.1 | 0.9 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 20 | 8% | 4% | 1% | 0% |
Magnesium | mg | 26 | 25 | 52 | 21 | 362.5 | 4% | 6% | 1% | 0% |
Phosphorus | mg | 202 | 165 | 139 | 98 | 700 | 14% | 22% | 1.8% | 0.6% |
Potassium | mg | 334 | 220 | 442 | 204 | 4700 | 4% | 4% | 1% | 0% |
Sodium | mg | 48 | 63 | 1 | 6 | 1500 | 2% | 4% | 0% | 0% |
Zinc | mg | 6.2 | 1 | 1 | 1.1 | 11 | 28% | 8% | 1% | 0% |
Vitamin C | mg | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 82.5 | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% |
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) | mg | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 1.15 | 3% | 4% | 2% | 1% |
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) | mg | 0.24 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 1.2 | 10% | 9% | 0% | 0% |
Niacin (Vitamin B3) | mg | 4.3 | 8.5 | 0.4 | 1 | 15 | 14% | 52% | 0% | 0% |
Folate (Vitamin B9) | μg | 9 | 3 | 172 | 33 | 400 | 1% | 1% | 4% | 0% |
Vitamin B12 | μg | 2.74 | 0.23 | 0 | 0 | 2.4 | 57% | 9% | 0% | 0% |
Vitamin A RAE | μg | 0 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 800 | 0% | 0.7% | 0% | 0% |
Chicken | Red Beans | Lentils | |
---|---|---|---|
Net water savings per person per year (lt) | 25,623 | 29,113 | 9682 |
Net carbon savings (Not Including LUC) per person per year (kg CO2eq) | 149 | 178 | 184 |
Net carbon savings (Including LUC) per person per year (kg CO2eq) | 245 | 274 | 281 |
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Blanco-Murcia, L.; Ramos-Mejía, M. Sustainable Diets and Meat Consumption Reduction in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Colombia. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6595. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236595
Blanco-Murcia L, Ramos-Mejía M. Sustainable Diets and Meat Consumption Reduction in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Colombia. Sustainability. 2019; 11(23):6595. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236595
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlanco-Murcia, Laura, and Mónica Ramos-Mejía. 2019. "Sustainable Diets and Meat Consumption Reduction in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Colombia" Sustainability 11, no. 23: 6595. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236595