Survey on the Indoor Thermal Environment and Passive Design of Rural Residential Houses in the HSCW Zone of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Face-To-Face Questionnaire and Interview
2.2. Field Measurement
2.2.1. Air-Tightness Testing
2.2.2. Temperature and Humidity Monitoring
2.2.3. Fungal Index
2.3. Simulation
2.3.1. Base Model
2.3.2. Composite Material: CMPCM-15
2.3.3. Case Details
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Face-To-Face Questionnaire and Interview
3.1.1. Building Characteristics
3.1.2. Heating and Cooling Equipment and Its Energy Usage
3.2. Field Measurement
3.2.1. Air-Tightness Testing
3.2.2. Temperature and Humidity Monitoring
3.2.3. Fungal Growth
3.3. Simulation
3.3.1. Indoor Thermal Environment
Daily Room Temperature and Average Indoor Relative Humidity for the Whole Year
Daily Room Temperature and Average Indoor Relative Humidity During the Coldest and Hottest Weeks
3.3.2. Energy Consumption
4. Conclusions
- Rural residential houses in the HSCW zone have a very poor thermal insulation performance. The exterior walls were mostly made of 240 mm thick brick, and up to 90% of exterior walls have no insulation. In addition, 96% of the houses used single-glazed 3 mm thick glass windows. A pitched roof with a wooden structure and no insulation is used.
- Rural residential houses in the HSCW zone have high energy consumption costs. The average household electricity fee reaches 139.2 CNY/month, and the average gas fee per household is 75 CNY/month.
- Increasing the thickness and position of CMPCM-15 has a regulation effect on the indoor thermal environment and saves energy. Adding the 20 mm CMPCM-15 layer to both the exterior wall and interior wall increased the room temperature by up to 0.5 °C in winter and reduced the room temperature by up to 0.7 °C in summer, and it can reduce indoor relative humidity by 1.8% in winter. The energy-saving rate of adding a 20 mm CMPCM-15 layer to both the exterior wall and interior wall reached 1.5%.
- The overall passive design greatly reduced the fluctuations of the room temperature and indoor relative humidity. In the winter, the overall passive design combined with the external/internal insulation system of the exterior wall increased the room temperature by up to 3.6 °C/3.2 °C, respectively, and reduced the indoor relative humidity by 12%/11.6%, respectively. In the summer, the overall passive design combined with the external/ internal insulation system of the exterior wall reduced the room temperature by up to 4.4 °C/3.4 °C, respectively. The annual energy-saving rates of the overall passive design combined with the external/ internal insulation system of the exterior wall were 34.5%/34.6%, respectively.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HSCW | hot summer and cold winter zone |
moisture content defined as the mass fraction of water contained in a material | |
surface air relative humidity | |
coefficients that define the relationship between a material’s moisture content and the surface air relative humidity | |
comprehensive energy consumption for annual heating and cooling of the design building | |
comprehensive energy consumption for annual heating and cooling of the reference building | |
room temperature | |
indoor relative humidity | |
lowest room temperature during the coldest week | |
peak room temperature during the hottest week |
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System | Construction (From Outside to Inside) | Thickness [mm] | Thermal Conductivity [W/m·K] | Specific Heat [J/kg·K] | Density [kg/m3] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exterior wall | Ceramic | 10 | 1.40 | 840 | 2500 |
Brick | 240 | 0.72 | 840 | 1920 | |
Mortar | 20 | 0.88 | 896 | 2800 | |
Total | 260 | Heat transfer coefficient: 1.875 W/m2·K | |||
Interior wall | Mortar | 10 | 0.88 | 896 | 2800 |
Brick | 240 | 0.72 | 840 | 1920 | |
Mortar | 10 | 0.88 | 896 | 2800 | |
Total | 260 | Heat transfer coefficient: 1.623 W/m2·K | |||
Window | Single glazing | 3 | Heat transfer coefficient: 5.894 W/m2·K | ||
Roof | Sloping roof with wooden structure (no insulation) | Heat transfer coefficient: 1.565 W/m2·K |
Case | Code | System | Construction (From Outside to Inside) | Heat Transfer Coefficient [W/m2·K] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model Value | JGJ134-2010 Limit | ||||
1 | Ex | Exterior wall | 10 mm ceramic, 30 mm EPS, 240 mm brick, 20 mm mortar | 0.707 | 0.8 |
2 | In | Exterior wall | 10 mm ceramic, 240 mm brick, 30 mm EPS, 20 mm mortar | 0.707 | 0.8 |
3 | 10 mm CMPCM-15 | Exterior wall | 10 mm ceramic, 240 mm brick, 20 mm mortar, 10 mm CMPCM-15 | 1.806 | 0.8 |
4 | 20 mm CMPCM-15 | Exterior wall | 10 mm ceramic, 240 mm brick, 20 mm mortar, 10 mm CMPCM-15 | 1.742 | 0.8 |
5 | All (10 mm CMPCM-15) | Exterior wall | 10 mm ceramic, 240 mm brick, 20 mm mortar, 10 mm CMPCM-15 | 1.806 | 0.8 |
Interior wall | 10 mm mortar, 240 mm brick, 10 mm mortar, 10 mm CMPCM-15 | 1.317 | |||
6 | All (20 mm CMPCM-15) | Exterior wall | 10 mm ceramic, 240 mm brick, 20 mm mortar, 20 mm CMPCM-15 | 1.742 | 0.8 |
Interior wall | 10 mm mortar, 240 mm brick, 10 mm mortar,20 mm CMPCM-15 | 1.522 | |||
7 | Ex + All (20 mm CMPCM-15) | Exterior wall | 10 mm ceramic, 30 mm EPS, 240 mm brick, 20 mm mortar, 20 mm CMPCM-15 | 0.699 | 0.8 |
Interior wall | 10 mm mortar, 240 mm brick, 10 mm mortar, 20 mm CMPCM-15 | 1.522 | |||
8 | In + All (20 mm CMPCM-15) | Exterior wall | 10 mm ceramic, 240 mm brick, 30 mm EPS, 20 mm mortar, 20 mm CMPCM-15 | 0.699 | 0.8 |
Interior wall | 10 mm mortar, 240 mm brick, 10 mm mortar, 20 mm CMPCM-15 | 1.522 | |||
9 | Double layer window | Window | Double low-E 6 mm/13 mm air | 1.761 | 4.0 |
10 | Roof insulation | Roof | Wooden structure pitched roof with 60 mm EPS | 0.425 | 0.5 |
11 | ACH = 1 + NV | Air tightness | From 11/1 to 2/28, 11:00 a.m. – 1:00 p.m., ACH = 5 h-1; From 6/1 to 9/30, 7:00 p.m.– 7:00 a.m., ACH = 5 h-1; From 3/1 to 5/30 and from 10/1 to 10/30, 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m., ACH = 5 h-1; Other times, ACH = 1 h-1; | 1.0 h-1 | |
12 | Combined (Ex) | Case 7 + Case 9 + Case 10 + Case 11 | |||
13 | Combined (In) | Case 8 + Case 9 + Case 10 + Case 11 |
House A | 1F Bedroom | 2F Living Room | 2F Bedroom | 3F Bedroom | 4F Loft |
Relative humidity 70% | 59.4% | 60% | 42.7% | 41.2% | 31.9% |
Fungal index 10 ru/week | 35.9% | 37.7% | 19.8% | 9.6% | 15.6% |
House B | 1F Living Room | 2F Living Room | 2F Bedroom | 3F Bedroom | |
Relative humidity 70% | 68.7% | 49.6% | 51.9% | 41.5% | |
Fungal index 10 ru/week | 50.3% | 27% | 27% | 18% |
Base | Ex | In | 10 mm CMPCM-15 | 20 mm CMPCM-15 | All (10 mm CMPCM-15) | All (20 mm CMPCM-15) | Ex + All (20 mm CMPCM-15) | In + All (20 mm CMPCM-15) | Double-Layer Window | Roof Insulation | (ACH = 1) + NV | Combined (Ex) | Combined (In) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | ||
Winter | Dec. | 9.7 | 1.6 | 10.0 | 1.3 | 10.0 | 1.5 | 9.8 | 1.6 | 9.8 | 1.6 | 9.8 | 1.6 | 9.8 | 1.6 | 10.1 | 1.2 | 10.1 | 1.5 | 9.8 | 1.6 | 10.2 | 1.5 | 9.9 | 1.5 | 11.3 | 1.0 | 11.5 | 1.1 |
Jan. | 7.7 | 2.0 | 8.1 | 1.8 | 8.1 | 2.0 | 7.7 | 2.0 | 7.8 | 2.0 | 7.7 | 2.0 | 7.7 | 2.0 | 8.2 | 1.9 | 8.1 | 1.9 | 7.8 | 2.0 | 8.2 | 2.1 | 7.8 | 2.0 | 9.6 | 1.8 | 9.6 | 1.9 | |
Feb. | 8.2 | 2.1 | 8.4 | 1.8 | 8.5 | 1.9 | 8.2 | 2.1 | 8.2 | 2.1 | 8.2 | 2.1 | 8.2 | 2.1 | 8.5 | 1.7 | 8.6 | 1.9 | 8.2 | 2.1 | 8.5 | 2.0 | 8.4 | 2.1 | 9.5 | 1.4 | 9.7 | 1.7 | |
Total | 8.5 | 2.1 | 8.9 | 1.8 | 8.9 | 2.0 | 8.6 | 2.1 | 8.6 | 2.1 | 8.6 | 2.1 | 8.6 | 2.1 | 8.9 | 1.8 | 8.9 | 2.0 | 8.6 | 2.1 | 9.0 | 2.1 | 8.7 | 2.1 | 10.1 | 1.7 | 10.3 | 1.8 | |
Summer | Jun. | 26.9 | 1.6 | 26.5 | 1.4 | 26.6 | 1.5 | 26.9 | 1.6 | 26.9 | 1.6 | 26.9 | 1.6 | 26.9 | 1.5 | 26.5 | 1.4 | 26.6 | 1.5 | 26.9 | 1.6 | 26.9 | 1.5 | 26.4 | 1.4 | 25.7 | 1.3 | 26.5 | 1.3 |
Jul. | 32.0 | 3.6 | 31.3 | 3.3 | 31.5 | 3.5 | 32.0 | 3.6 | 31.9 | 3.6 | 32.0 | 3.6 | 31.9 | 3.6 | 31.3 | 3.2 | 31.5 | 3.4 | 31.9 | 3.6 | 31.9 | 3.4 | 31.5 | 3.4 | 30.2 | 2.7 | 30.9 | 3.0 | |
Aug. | 33.2 | 2.1 | 32.8 | 1.8 | 32.7 | 1.9 | 33.2 | 2.1 | 33.2 | 2.0 | 33.2 | 2.0 | 33.2 | 2.0 | 32.9 | 1.7 | 32.8 | 1.9 | 33.2 | 2.1 | 33.2 | 2.0 | 32.5 | 2.1 | 31.6 | 1.6 | 32.5 | 1.5 | |
Total | 30.7 | 3.8 | 30.3 | 3.6 | 30.3 | 3.6 | 30.7 | 3.7 | 30.7 | 3.7 | 30.7 | 3.7 | 30.7 | 3.7 | 30.2 | 3.5 | 30.3 | 3.6 | 30.7 | 3.7 | 30.7 | 3.7 | 30.1 | 3.6 | 29.1 | 3.2 | 30.0 | 3.3 |
Base | Ex | In | 10 mm CMPCM-15 | 20 mm CMPCM-15 | All (10 mm CMPCM-15) | All (20 mm CMPCM-15) | Ex + All (20 mm CMPCM-15) | In + All (20 mm CMPCM-15) | Double-Layer Window | Roof Insulation | (ACH = 1) + NV | Combined (Ex) | Combined (In) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | AVE. | STD. | ||
Winter | Dec. | 68.2 | 15.2 | 66.9 | 15.6 | 66.9 | 15.1 | 68.0 | 15.2 | 67.9 | 15.3 | 68.0 | 15.3 | 68.0 | 15.3 | 66.8 | 15.7 | 66.7 | 15.2 | 68.0 | 15.3 | 66.2 | 15.4 | 67.4 | 15.4 | 61.8 | 15.9 | 61.2 | 15.5 |
Jan. | 67.7 | 18.0 | 66.1 | 17.9 | 66.2 | 17.8 | 67.5 | 18.0 | 67.4 | 18.0 | 67.5 | 18.0 | 67.5 | 18.0 | 65.8 | 17.8 | 66.0 | 17.8 | 67.5 | 18.1 | 65.5 | 17.5 | 66.9 | 18.2 | 59.7 | 16.5 | 59.6 | 16.4 | |
Feb. | 57.0 | 17.9 | 56.2 | 17.9 | 55.9 | 17.7 | 56.9 | 18.0 | 56.8 | 17.9 | 56.9 | 18.0 | 56.9 | 18.0 | 56.1 | 18.0 | 55.8 | 17.7 | 56.8 | 17.9 | 55.7 | 17.7 | 56.1 | 18.3 | 51.9 | 17.1 | 51.5 | 16.7 | |
Total | 64.6 | 17.8 | 63.3 | 17.8 | 63.2 | 17.6 | 64.3 | 17.8 | 64.3 | 17.8 | 64.4 | 17.8 | 64.4 | 17.8 | 63.1 | 17.8 | 63.1 | 17.6 | 64.3 | 17.8 | 62.7 | 17.5 | 63.7 | 18.1 | 58.0 | 17.0 | 57.6 | 16.7 | |
Summer | Jun. | 72.6 | 8.5 | 74.4 | 8.3 | 74.0 | 8.5 | 72.7 | 8.4 | 72.8 | 8.4 | 72.7 | 8.4 | 72.7 | 8.4 | 74.4 | 8.3 | 73.9 | 8.4 | 72.8 | 8.5 | 72.7 | 8.0 | 74.7 | 8.0 | 77.9 | 7.6 | 74.5 | 8.1 |
Jul. | 65.4 | 16.1 | 67.6 | 15.3 | 67.1 | 15.7 | 65.4 | 16.0 | 65.5 | 16.0 | 65.4 | 16.0 | 65.5 | 15.9 | 67.8 | 15.0 | 67.1 | 15.6 | 65.6 | 16.1 | 65.4 | 15.4 | 67.2 | 15.6 | 71.2 | 13.7 | 68.8 | 14.4 | |
Aug. | 52.1 | 7.6 | 53.3 | 8.0 | 53.7 | 8.0 | 52.0 | 7.5 | 52.0 | 7.5 | 52.0 | 7.5 | 51.9 | 7.6 | 53.0 | 8.0 | 53.4 | 8.0 | 52.1 | 7.6 | 51.9 | 7.5 | 54.5 | 7.6 | 56.9 | 8.3 | 54.1 | 8.3 | |
Total | 63.3 | 14.2 | 65.0 | 14.1 | 64.8 | 14.1 | 63.3 | 14.2 | 63.3 | 14.2 | 63.3 | 14.2 | 63.3 | 14.2 | 65.0 | 14.1 | 64.7 | 14.1 | 63.4 | 14.3 | 63.2 | 13.9 | 65.4 | 13.8 | 68.6 | 13.5 | 65.7 | 13.7 |
No. | Case | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Base | 944.2 | 1110.0 | |||
1 | Ex | 834.6 | 11.6% | 875.0 | 21.2% | 15.7% |
2 | In | 763.7 | 19.1% | 859.3 | 22.6% | 20.6% |
3 | 10 mm CMPCM-15 | 947.4 | −0.3% | 1110.2 | 0 | −0.2% |
4 | 20 mm CMPCM-15Gypsum | 938.7 | 0.6% | 1094.8 | 1.4% | 0.9% |
5 | All (10 mm CMPCM-15) | 945.4 | −0.1% | 1105.6 | 0.4% | 0.1% |
6 | All (20 mm CMPCM-15) | 934.7 | 1.0% | 1086.4 | 2.1% | 1.5% |
7 | Ex + All (20 mm CMPCM-15) | 829.6 | 12.1% | 871.6 | 21.5% | 16.2% |
8 | In + All (20 mm CMPCM-15) | 797.3 | 15.6% | 885.8 | 20.2% | 17.6% |
9 | Double-layer window | 936.9 | 0.8% | 1077.8 | 2.9% | 1.7% |
10 | Roof insulation | 906.5 | 4.0% | 1097.9 | 1.1% | 2.7% |
11 | (ACH = 1) + NV | 878.2 | 7.0% | 993.3 | 10.5% | 8.5% |
12 | Combined (Ex) | 658.0 | 30.3% | 666.2 | 40% | 34.5% |
13 | Combined (In) | 643.7 | 31.8% | 684.1 | 38.4% | 34.6% |
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Rui, J.; Zhang, H.; Shi, C.; Pan, D.; Chen, Y.; Du, C. Survey on the Indoor Thermal Environment and Passive Design of Rural Residential Houses in the HSCW Zone of China. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6471. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226471
Rui J, Zhang H, Shi C, Pan D, Chen Y, Du C. Survey on the Indoor Thermal Environment and Passive Design of Rural Residential Houses in the HSCW Zone of China. Sustainability. 2019; 11(22):6471. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226471
Chicago/Turabian StyleRui, Jingwen, Huibo Zhang, Chengnan Shi, Deng Pan, Ya Chen, and Chunyu Du. 2019. "Survey on the Indoor Thermal Environment and Passive Design of Rural Residential Houses in the HSCW Zone of China" Sustainability 11, no. 22: 6471. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226471