The Influence of Authentic Leadership on Authentic Followership, Positive Psychological Capital, and Project Performance: Testing for the Mediation Effects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypothesis Development
2.1. Sustainability in Leadership for Education
2.2. Reviews on AL and AF
2.3. The Positive Relation between AL and AF
2.4. The Effect of AF on FPPC and FPP
2.5. The Positive Relation between FPPC and FPP
3. Methodology
3.1. Variables
3.2. Samples
3.3. Analysis Methods
4. Data Analysis and Results
4.1. Measurement Model Assessment
4.2. Structural Model Assessment Using PLS-SEM
5. Conclusions and Discussion
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Focus | Study Sample | Source |
---|---|---|
AL, organizational citizenship behavior, work engagement, empowerment | 387 followers, 129 supervisors from two Chinese telecom firms | [25] |
AL, psychological capital, creativity | 201 employees from 33 commerce organizations in Portugal | [26] |
AL perception, trust, follower’s emotions | 102 human resource managers in Spanish companies with over 50 employees | [29] |
AL, reflexivity, self-regulation, team performance | 206 participants from 53 work teams in the UK and Greece | [30] |
AL, leader-member exchange, psychological capital, follower performance | 801 employees from Chinese logistics | [27] |
AL, positive affect, hope, creativity | 219 employees from 37 retail organizations in Portugal | [28] |
AL, conservation of resources, crossover, job satisfaction, work-life balance | 121 employees from different German firms | [31] |
AL, temptation, ethical decision-making, guilt appraisal | 118 MBA program students at two universities in United States | [32] |
Employee trust, employee-perceived AL, employee work engagement, supervisor-perceived AL | 160 of supervisors and employees from firms in Taiwan | [33] |
Variable | Classification | Total | Early Respondents | Late Respondents | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Gender | Male | 100 | 57.14 | 48 | 55.81 | 52 | 58.43 |
Female | 75 | 42.86 | 38 | 44.19 | 37 | 41.57 | |
School year | 2 | 54 | 30.86 | 32 | 37.21 | 22 | 24.72 |
3 | 53 | 30.29 | 29 | 33.72 | 24 | 26.97 | |
4 | 68 | 38.86 | 25 | 29.07 | 43 | 48.31 | |
Experience of leader | Yes | 112 | 64 | 56 | 65.12 | 56 | 62.92 |
No | 63 | 36 | 30 | 34.88 | 33 | 37.08 | |
Experience of team project | 0 | 10 | 5.71 | 5 | 5.81 | 5 | 5.62 |
1 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 3.49 | 4 | 4.49 | |
2 | 14 | 8 | 6 | 6.98 | 8 | 8.99 | |
3 | 26 | 14.86 | 10 | 11.63 | 16 | 17.98 | |
>4 | 118 | 67.43 | 62 | 72.09 | 56 | 62.92 | |
International internship | Yes | 56 | 32 | 11 | 12.79 | 45 | 50.56 |
No | 119 | 68 | 75 | 87.21 | 44 | 49.44 | |
Major in Management | Yes | 137 | 78.29 | 64 | 74.42 | 73 | 82.02 |
No | 38 | 21.71 | 22 | 25.58 | 16 | 17.98 |
Construct | Code | Scale Item | Factor Loading | Mean | S.D. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Authentic leadership [25,27] | AL1 | Our team leader seeks feedback from team members to improve their interaction with them. | 0.83 *** | 3.97 | 0.96 |
AL2 | My team leader knows when to reconsider his position. | 0.83 *** | 3.70 | 1.00 | |
AL3 | My team leader knows how his actions affect his team. | 0.80 *** | 3.98 | 0.99 | |
AL4 | Our team leader makes good decisions. | 0.71 *** | 3.99 | 0.96 | |
AL5 | My team leader strongly encourages me to act with confidence. | 0.83 *** | 3.94 | 1.02 | |
AL6 | Our team leader follows ethical standards for difficult decisions. | 0.76 *** | 3.86 | 0.98 | |
AL7 | Our team leader admits when he makes a mistake. | 0.79 *** | 4.17 | 0.83 | |
AL8 | Our team leader encourages all team members to express their ideas. | 0.84 *** | 3.97 | 0.95 | |
AL9 | Our team leader reviews the data thoroughly before making a decision. | 0.85 *** | 3.97 | 1.00 | |
AL10 | Our team leader listens to various opinions carefully before making a conclusion. | 0.89 *** | 4.01 | 0.95 | |
Authentic followership [35] | AF1 | I show a behavioral consistent with my beliefs as a team member. | 0.79 *** | 3.89 | 0.87 |
AF2 | I make decisions that fit my values as a team member. | 0.87 *** | 4.16 | 0.71 | |
AF3 | I act with confidence as a team member. | 0.82 *** | 3.98 | 0.88 | |
AF4 | I express my feelings honestly as a team member. | 0.78 *** | 3.78 | 0.98 | |
Follower’s positive psychological capital [26,64] | FPPC1 | I can easily cope with the stress of playing a role. | 0.80 *** | 3.29 | 1.10 |
FPPC2 | I can cope well when faced with a demanding role. | 0.86 *** | 3.79 | 0.78 | |
FPPC3 | I always try to be positive about what I’m doing. | 0.81 *** | 3.95 | 0.91 | |
Follower’s project performance [61,62] | FPP1 | I do my job well in my team. | 0.84 *** | 4.29 | 0.67 |
FPP2 | I get my work done within the time set by the team. | 0.74 *** | 4.19 | 0.75 | |
FPP3 | I am responsible for my role in the team. | 0.89 *** | 4.27 | 0.67 | |
FPP4 | I adhere to the formal requirements set by the team. | 0.75 *** | 4.29 | 0.69 |
Construct | Cronbach’s Alpha | Composite Reliability | rho | AVE a | AL | AF | FPPC | FPP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AL | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.66 | 0.81 b | |||
AF | 0.83 | 0.89 | 0.93 | 0.66 | 0.49 | 0.81 | ||
FPPC | 0.76 | 0.86 | 0.76 | 0.68 | 0.46 | 0.56 | 0.82 | |
FPP | 0.82 | 0.88 | 0.86 | 0.65 | 0.29 | 0.44 | 0.39 | 0.81 |
Statistics | AL → AF → FPPC | AL → AF → FPP |
---|---|---|
Indirect effect | 0.27 | 0.16 |
Standard error | 0.05 | 0.05 |
z-statistic | 5.10 | 3.10 |
p-value | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Conf. interval (N) | (0.166, 0.373) | (0.056, 0.254) |
Conf. interval (P) | (0.173, 0.379) | (0.066, 0.261) |
Conf. interval (BC) | (0.173, 0.379) | (0.071, 0.268) |
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Tak, J.; Seo, J.; Roh, T. The Influence of Authentic Leadership on Authentic Followership, Positive Psychological Capital, and Project Performance: Testing for the Mediation Effects. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6028. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216028
Tak J, Seo J, Roh T. The Influence of Authentic Leadership on Authentic Followership, Positive Psychological Capital, and Project Performance: Testing for the Mediation Effects. Sustainability. 2019; 11(21):6028. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216028
Chicago/Turabian StyleTak, Jingyu, Jeongeun Seo, and Taewoo Roh. 2019. "The Influence of Authentic Leadership on Authentic Followership, Positive Psychological Capital, and Project Performance: Testing for the Mediation Effects" Sustainability 11, no. 21: 6028. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216028
APA StyleTak, J., Seo, J., & Roh, T. (2019). The Influence of Authentic Leadership on Authentic Followership, Positive Psychological Capital, and Project Performance: Testing for the Mediation Effects. Sustainability, 11(21), 6028. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216028