Nutrient-Dense Crops for Rural and Peri-Urban Smallholders in Kenya—A Regional Social Accounting Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Importance of Agriculture for Regional Economies
2.2. Regional Social Accounting Matrices
2.3. African Indigenous Vegetables and Food Security in Kenya
2.4. Conceptual Framework
3. Data and Methodology
3.1. Data
3.2. Methodology
3.2.1. Cluster Analysis
3.2.2. Construction the Social Accounting Matrix
Activities
Commodities
Factors
3.2.3. Multiplier Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Results of the Cluster Analysis
4.2. Overview of the SAM
4.3. Multiplier and Income Effects
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Activity | Total Production | Own Sector | Linkage Production |
---|---|---|---|
Hunting, collecting, logging | 2.097 | 1.076 | 1.021 |
Firewood and coal | 2.097 | 1.007 | 1.090 |
Wage agr. sector | 2.060 | 1.000 | 1.060 |
Wage non-agr. sector | 2.060 | 1.000 | 1.060 |
Own business | 2.060 | 1.000 | 1.060 |
Livestock | 2.009 | 1.306 | 0.704 |
Induced Income | FIS Rural | FS Rural | FIS Peri-Urban | FS Peri-Urban | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activity N | 697 | 146 | 252 | 51 | 248 |
Firewood and coal | 1.736 | 0.195 | 0.680 | 0.055 | 0.806 |
Hunting, collecting, logging | 1.736 | 0.195 | 0.679 | 0.056 | 0.806 |
Wage employment agr. sector | 1.724 | 0.181 | 0.592 | 0.069 | 0.883 |
Wage employment non-agr. sector | 1.724 | 0.181 | 0.592 | 0.069 | 0.883 |
Own business activity | 1.724 | 0.181 | 0.592 | 0.069 | 0.883 |
Livestock | 1.318 | 0.144 | 0.491 | 0.046 | 0.637 |
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Food Security Dimension | Variable | Description | Mean (SD) | Min/ Max |
---|---|---|---|---|
Access | hhinc_pc | Annual HH income per capita (PPP$ (2015)) | 1480 (1921) | −51/ 12,973 |
FCS | Food Consumption Score | 70.35 (15.86) | 26.00/ 112.00 | |
CSI | Coping Strategy Index | 20.26 (24.32) | 0.00/ 154.97 | |
Utilization | HDDS | Household Dietary Diversity Score | 8.88 (1.47) | 5.00/ 11.00 |
Days_missed | Total number of days HH members missed work/school because of stomach ache/diarrhoea | 1.25 (4.52) | 0.00/ 30.00 | |
Stability | MAHFP | Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning | 9.42 (3.91) | 0.00/ 12.00 |
Cluster | 1. Food-Insecure Rural | 2. Food-Secure Rural | 3. Food-Insecure Peri-Urban | 4. Food-Secure Peri-Urban | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | 146 | 252 | 51 | 248 | 697 |
hhinc per capita | 751 4 | 1253 4 | 1514 4 | 3079 1,2,3 | 1817 |
(988) | (1126) | (1569) | (3093) | (2271) | |
FCS | 52.39 2,3,4 | 69.31 1,3,4 | 67.61 1,2,4 | 74.89 1,2,3 | 67.63 |
(18.70) | (12.96) | (19.76) | (12.78) | (16.97) | |
CSI | 31.75 2,3,4 | 13.63 1,4 | 25.14 1,4 | 5.87 1,2,3 | 15.51 |
(26.99) | (14.58) | (19.49) | (7.96) | (19.36) | |
HDDS | 6.65 2,3,4 | 8.87 1,3 | 7.53 1,2,4 | 8.88 1,3 | 8.31 |
(2.28) | (1.41) | (1.95) | (1.32) | (1.88) | |
Days missed because of diarrhoea | 3.67 2,4 | 0.59 1 | 2.59 4 | 0.24 1,3 | 1.26 |
(7.83) | (1.75) | (7.42) | (1.38) | (4.52) | |
MAHFP | 5.50 2,3,4 | 10.54 1,3,4 | 4.16 1,2,4 | 11.68 1,2,3 | 9.42 |
(4.65) | (1.98) | (4.55) | (0.99) | (3.91) |
Activities | Total Production | Own Sector | Linkage Production |
---|---|---|---|
Banana | 2.115 | 1.064 | 1.051 |
Mitoo | 2.105 | 1.001 | 1.104 |
Pumpkins | 2.104 | 1.002 | 1.102 |
Other ind. veg. | 2.104 | 1.010 | 1.093 |
Sweet potatoes | 2.099 | 1.016 | 1.083 |
Cowpeas | 2.092 | 1.011 | 1.081 |
Amaranth | 2.066 | 1.012 | 1.054 |
African night shade | 2.065 | 1.023 | 1.042 |
Sugarcane | 2.051 | 1.019 | 1.032 |
Spiderplant | 2.019 | 1.014 | 1.005 |
Cabbages | 2.017 | 1.005 | 1.012 |
Kales/Sukuma Wiki | 2.015 | 1.009 | 1.006 |
Ethiopian kale | 2.006 | 1.003 | 1.003 |
Spinach | 1.987 | 1.004 | 0.983 |
Beans | 1.939 | 1.054 | 0.885 |
Coffee | 1.902 | 1.004 | 0.898 |
Maize | 1.892 | 1.082 | 0.810 |
Tea | 1.846 | 1.007 | 0.839 |
Groundnuts | 1.778 | 1.015 | 0.763 |
Irish potatoes | 1.759 | 1.007 | 0.752 |
Induced Income | FIS Rural | FS Rural | FIS Peri-Urban | FS Peri-Urban | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Activities N | 697 | 146 | 252 | 51 | 248 |
Other ind. veg. | 1.707 | 0.198 | 0.676 | 0.053 | 0.780 |
Sweet potatoes | 1.703 | 0.205 | 0.682 | 0.051 | 0.764 |
Banana | 1.698 | 0.197 | 0.668 | 0.053 | 0.780 |
Sugarcane | 1.605 | 0.212 | 0.673 | 0.043 | 0.677 |
African night shade | 1.547 | 0.176 | 0.576 | 0.053 | 0.742 |
Amaranth | 1.538 | 0.171 | 0.555 | 0.056 | 0.756 |
Spinach | 1.510 | 0.141 | 0.487 | 0.063 | 0.819 |
Pumpkins | 1.494 | 0.225 | 0.613 | 0.040 | 0.617 |
Cabbages | 1.483 | 0.154 | 0.502 | 0.058 | 0.770 |
Mitoo | 1.474 | 0.205 | 0.637 | 0.037 | 0.596 |
Cowpeas | 1.467 | 0.189 | 0.558 | 0.047 | 0.672 |
Beans | 1.458 | 0.161 | 0.505 | 0.055 | 0.737 |
Coffee | 1.455 | 0.117 | 0.374 | 0.073 | 0.891 |
Ethiopian kale | 1.407 | 0.161 | 0.516 | 0.049 | 0.680 |
Spiderplant | 1.390 | 0.147 | 0.463 | 0.055 | 0.724 |
Maize | 1.377 | 0.160 | 0.472 | 0.052 | 0.693 |
Kales/Sukuma Wiki | 1.374 | 0.146 | 0.471 | 0.053 | 0.704 |
Tea | 1.218 | 0.219 | 0.544 | 0.023 | 0.432 |
Irish potatoes | 1.206 | 0.049 | 0.129 | 0.089 | 0.939 |
Groundnuts | 0.873 | 0.155 | 0.410 | 0.015 | 0.294 |
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Krause, H.; Faße, A.; Grote, U. Nutrient-Dense Crops for Rural and Peri-Urban Smallholders in Kenya—A Regional Social Accounting Approach. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113017
Krause H, Faße A, Grote U. Nutrient-Dense Crops for Rural and Peri-Urban Smallholders in Kenya—A Regional Social Accounting Approach. Sustainability. 2019; 11(11):3017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113017
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrause, Henning, Anja Faße, and Ulrike Grote. 2019. "Nutrient-Dense Crops for Rural and Peri-Urban Smallholders in Kenya—A Regional Social Accounting Approach" Sustainability 11, no. 11: 3017. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113017