Ecosystem Services Management Based on Differentiation and Regionalization along Vertical Gradient in Taihang Mountain, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Site Description
3. Data Source and Processing
3.1. Land Use
3.2. Temperature
3.3. Vegetation NPP
3.4. Water Yield
3.5. DEM
4. Method
4.1. Critical Line/Zone Determination
4.2. Ecosystem Services Value
4.3. Modified Equivalent Value
4.4. Ecosystem Service Functional Index
5. Results
5.1. Ecological Vertical Differentiation
5.1.1. Land Use
5.1.2. Vegetation NPP
5.1.3. Water Yield
5.1.4. Average Annual Temperature
5.2. Critical Line/Zone Delineation
5.3. Vertical Differentiation of Ecosystem Services
5.3.1. Ecosystem Services by Vertical Gradient
5.3.2. Ecosystem Services Functional Pattern
6. Discussion
6.1. Human Activities Influencing Ecosystem Vertical Differentiation
6.2. Ecosystem Service Management
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Type | Forest | Farmland | Construction Land | Grassland | Water | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
forest | 689 | 9 | 3 | 27 | 6 | 1 |
Farmland | 8 | 319 | 2 | 21 | 3 | 5 |
Construction land | 0 | 1 | 266 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
grassland | 3 | 1 | 2 | 201 | 1 | 1 |
water | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 98 | 0 |
others | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
precision | 87.43% | 90.21% | 96.73% | 80.4% | 89% | 84% |
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Ecosystem Type | Provisioning Services | Regulating Services | Supporting Services | Cultural Services | MC | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Tier | Second Tier | FP | RMP | WS | GR | CR | EC | HR | SC | NCM | BM | AL | MC |
Farmland | Dry farm | 0.64 | 0.30 | 0.02 | 0.50 | 0.27 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.77 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.75 |
Paddy field | 1.02 | 0.07 | −1.97 | 0.83 | 0.43 | 0.13 | 2.04 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.75 | |
Forest | Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed | 0.21 | 0.49 | 0.26 | 1.62 | 4.85 | 1.37 | 2.42 | 1.97 | 0.15 | 1.79 | 0.79 | 0.69 |
Broad-leaved | 0.12 | 0.27 | 0.14 | 0.89 | 2.67 | 0.79 | 1.94 | 1.09 | 0.08 | 0.99 | 0.43 | 0.41 | |
shrub | 0.13 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.96 | 2.88 | 0.87 | 2.28 | 1.17 | 0.09 | 1.07 | 0.47 | 0.68 | |
Grassland | Grassland | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.10 | 0.65 | 1.72 | 0.56 | 1.25 | 0.79 | 0.06 | 0.72 | 0.32 | 1.28 |
Scrub grassland | 0.37 | 0.55 | 0.30 | 1.93 | 5.11 | 1.69 | 3.74 | 2.35 | 0.18 | 2.14 | 0.94 | 0.98 | |
Meadow | 0.28 | 0.42 | 0.23 | 1.46 | 3.87 | 1.28 | 2.83 | 1.78 | 0.14 | 1.63 | 0.72 | 1.28 | |
Wetland | Wetland | 0.51 | 0.50 | 2.59 | 1.90 | 3.60 | 3.60 | 24.23 | 2.31 | 0.18 | 7.87 | 4.73 | 1.00 |
Desert | Desert | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 1.00 |
Bare land | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 1.00 | |
Water area | Water area | 0.38 | 0.11 | 3.95 | 0.37 | 1.09 | 2.65 | 48.74 | 0.44 | 0.03 | 1.22 | 0.90 | 0.48 |
Altitude (m) | Provisioning Services | Regulating Services | Supporting Services | Cultural Service |
---|---|---|---|---|
Below 500 | 0.82 | 0.48 | 0.40 | 0.37 |
For 600–1400 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.51 |
Above 1500 | 1.62 | 2.00 | 2.07 | 2.11 |
Taihang Mountain | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
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Gao, H.; Fu, T.; Liu, J.; Liang, H.; Han, L. Ecosystem Services Management Based on Differentiation and Regionalization along Vertical Gradient in Taihang Mountain, China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040986
Gao H, Fu T, Liu J, Liang H, Han L. Ecosystem Services Management Based on Differentiation and Regionalization along Vertical Gradient in Taihang Mountain, China. Sustainability. 2018; 10(4):986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040986
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Hui, Tonggang Fu, Jintong Liu, Hongzhu Liang, and Lipu Han. 2018. "Ecosystem Services Management Based on Differentiation and Regionalization along Vertical Gradient in Taihang Mountain, China" Sustainability 10, no. 4: 986. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040986