Impacts of Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes on Water Yield: A Case Study in Jing-Jin-Ji, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection and Processing
2.2.1. Land-Use and Land-Cover (LULC) Change
2.2.2. Input Data for Water Yield (WY) Simulation
2.3. The Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) Model
2.4. WY Under Four LULC Change Scenarios
2.5. WY Coefficient
3. Results
3.1. InVEST Calibration and Validation
3.2. Annual WY
3.3. Impacts of LULC Changes on WY
3.3.1. Spatial and Temporal LULC Changes
3.3.2. LULC Conversion Matrix
3.3.3. WY Under LULC Change Scenarios
3.3.4. WY Coefficients of LULC Types
4. Discussion
4.1. WY under LULC Changes
4.2. WY Prediction for LULC Planning
4.3. WY and Blue Water Availability: Policy Implication
4.4. Uncertainty of InVEST Model
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2015 | Changes between 1990 and 2015 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LULC | km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % |
Cropland | 105,734 | 49.07 | 103,431 | 48.05 | 102,732 | 47.73 | 102,146 | 47.36 | −3588 | −3.40 |
Forest | 44,549 | 20.68 | 44,611 | 20.73 | 44,607 | 20.72 | 44,600 | 20.68 | 51 | 0.11 |
Grassland | 35,652 | 16.55 | 35,298 | 16.40 | 35,051 | 16.28 | 34,985 | 16.22 | −667 | −1.87 |
Wetland | 13,498 | 6.26 | 13,435 | 6.24 | 12,443 | 5.78 | 12,452 | 5.77 | −1046 | −7.75 |
Built-up | 15,086 | 7.00 | 17,538 | 8.15 | 19,535 | 9.08 | 20,466 | 9.50 | 5380 | 35.66 |
Bare land | 949 | 0.44 | 931 | 0.43 | 880 | 0.41 | 868 | 0.40 | −81 | −8.54 |
2015 a | Cropland | Forest | Grassland | Wetland | Built-up | Bare Land | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 b | km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % | km2 | % | 1990 Total |
Cropland | 100,632 | 95.17 | 244 | 0.23 | 32 | 0.03 | 468 | 0.44 | 4333 | 4.1 | 26 | 0.02 | 105,734 |
Forest | 138 | 0.31 | 44,171 | 99.15 | 83 | 0.19 | 10 | 0.02 | 147 | 0.33 | 0 | 0 | 44,549 |
Grassland | 298 | 0.84 | 149 | 0.42 | 34,833 | 97.7 | 88 | 0.25 | 281 | 0.79 | 3 | 0.01 | 35,652 |
Wetland | 1005 | 7.45 | 34 | 0.25 | 21 | 0.16 | 11,792 | 87.36 | 642 | 4.76 | 4 | 0.03 | 13,498 |
Built-up | 45 | 0.3 | 2 | 0.01 | 5 | 0.04 | 26 | 0.17 | 15,008 | 99.48 | 0 | 0 | 15,086 |
Bare land | 27 | 2.89 | 1 | 0.13 | 10 | 1.02 | 21 | 2.17 | 55 | 5.78 | 835 | 88.01 | 949 |
2015 total | 102,146 | - | 44,600 | - | 34,984 | - | 12,405 | - | 20,466 | - | 868 | - | - |
Change | −3588 | - | 51 | - | −667 | - | −1093 | - | 5380 | - | −81 | - | - |
Change (%) | −3.4 | - | 0.11 | - | −1.87 | - | −8.1 | - | 35.66 | - | −8.54 | - | - |
LULC | 1990B | 2000S | 2010S | 2015S | Average AET (mm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WY | WY | WY | WY | ||||||
(109 m3) | % | (109 m3) | % | (109 m3) | % | (109 m3) | % | ||
Cropland | 9.21 | 45 | 9.09 | 43 | 8.77 | 41 | 8.80 | 41 | 425 |
Forest | 4.30 | 21 | 4.25 | 21 | 4.31 | 20 | 4.26 | 20 | 468 |
Grassland | 2.69 | 13 | 2.71 | 13 | 2.65 | 12 | 2.66 | 12 | 425 |
Built-up | 4.14 | 20 | 4.67 | 22 | 5.53 | 26 | 5.65 | 26 | 244 |
Bare land | 0.11 | 1 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.11 | 1 | 0.11 | 1 | 414 |
WY total | 20.50 | 100 | 20.97 | 100 | 21.43 | 100 | 21.55 | 100 | - |
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Li, S.; Yang, H.; Lacayo, M.; Liu, J.; Lei, G. Impacts of Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes on Water Yield: A Case Study in Jing-Jin-Ji, China. Sustainability 2018, 10, 960. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040960
Li S, Yang H, Lacayo M, Liu J, Lei G. Impacts of Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes on Water Yield: A Case Study in Jing-Jin-Ji, China. Sustainability. 2018; 10(4):960. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040960
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Suxiao, Hong Yang, Martin Lacayo, Junguo Liu, and Guangchun Lei. 2018. "Impacts of Land-Use and Land-Cover Changes on Water Yield: A Case Study in Jing-Jin-Ji, China" Sustainability 10, no. 4: 960. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040960