Energy Transition in the Nebular City: Connecting Transition Thinking, Metabolism Studies, and Urban Design
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Introduction of the Case: Energy Transition in the Dispersed Landscape of Flanders
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Energy as Socio-Technical System, Space as ‘Palimpsest’, & the Isotropy of the Electricity Network
3.2. Obduracy, Retro-Active Urbanism, & the Greening of the Heating System
3.3. Space as Context, Space as Agent, & the Structuring Capacity of Collective Heating Infrastructure
3.4. Fundamental Shift, Radical Incrementalism, & the (De)Centralisation of Energy Production and Governance
3.5. Circularity, Designing with Flows, & Cascading Heat Flows
3.6. Energy as ‘Power’, Co-Production, & Energy as Common
4. Discussion. Spatial and Governance (Re)Design Parameters for Energy Systems in Dispersed Territories
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References and Notes
- Habitat III Issue Papers—18—Urban Infrastructure and Basic Services, Including Energy; UNOPS, UN-Habitat: New York, NY, USA, 2015.
- Habitat III Thematic Meeting on Sustainable Energy and Cities; UN General Assembly: New York City, NY, USA, 2016.
- Kona, A.; Melica, G.; Bertoldi, P.; Rivas Calvete, S.; Koffi, B.; Iancu, A.; Zancanella, P.; Janssens-Maenhout, G.; Dallemand, J.F. Covenant of Mayors in Figures: 8-Year Assessment; Joint Research Centre: Luxembourg, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Frantzeskaki, N.; Loorbach, D. Towards governing infrasystem transitions, reinforcing lock-in or facilitating change? Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. 2010, 77, 1292–1301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bulkeley, H.; Castàn Broto, V.; Maassen, A. Low-carbon Transitions and the Reconfiguration of Urban Infrastructure. Urban Stud. 2014, 51, 1471–1486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Castàn Broto, V.; Allen, A.; Rapoport, E. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Urban Metabolism. J. Ind. Ecol. 2012, 16, 851–861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Belanger, P. Landscape Infrastructure: Urbanism beyond Engineering. In Infrastructure, Sustainability and Design; Spiro, G., Pollalis, A., Ramos, S., Schodek, D., Eds.; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2012; pp. 276–316. ISBN 978-0-415-89316-9. [Google Scholar]
- Coutard, O.; Rutherford, J. Beyond the Networked City: Infrastructure Reconfigurations and Urban Change in the North and South; Routledge studies in urbanism and the city; Routledge: London, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2016; ISBN 978-1-138-79682-9. [Google Scholar]
- Heynen, N.; Kaika, M.; Swyngedouw, E. In the Nature of Cities, Urban Political Ecology and the Politics of Urban Metabolism; Routledge: London, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2006; ISBN 978-0-415-36828-5. [Google Scholar]
- Shannon, K.; Smets, M. The Landscape of Contemporary Infrastructure; nai010 Publishers: Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Dupuy, G. Urban Networks—Network Urbanism; van Schaick, J., Klaasen, I., Eds.; Techne Press: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2008; ISBN 978-90-8594-019-7. [Google Scholar]
- De Block, G.; Polasky, J. Light railways and the rural-urban continuum: Technology, space and society in late nineteenth-century Belgium. J. Hist. Geogr. 2011, 37, 312–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryckewaert, M. The Minimal Rationality of Dwelling Patterns in Flanders’ Nevelstad. OASE Tijdschr. Voor Archit. 2002, 60, 49–62. [Google Scholar]
- Ryckewaert, M. Building a Hybrid Highway System. Road Infrastructure as an Instrument of Economic Urbanization in Belgium. Transfers 2012, 2, 59–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Acker, M. From Flux to Frame. Designing Infrastructure and Shaping Urbanization in Belgium; Leuven University Press: Leuven, Belgium, 2014; ISBN 978-90-5867-958-1. [Google Scholar]
- Van Broeck, L. Presented at the Klimaattop Vlaanderen, Ghent, Belgium, 19 April 2016.
- Boussauw, K.; Witlox, F. Introducing a commute-energy performance index for Flanders. Transp. Res. Part Policy Pract. 2009, 43, 580–591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bervoets, W.; Heynen, H. The obduracy of the detached single family house in Flanders. Int. J. Hous. Policy 2013, 13, 358–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winters, S.; Ceulemans, W.; Heylen, K.; Pannecoucke, I.; Vanderstraeten, L.; Van den Broeck, K.; De Decker, P.; Ryckewaert, M.; Verbeeck, G. Wonen in Vlaanderen Anno 2013: De Bevindingen uit het Grote Woononderzoek 2013 Gebundeld; Steunpunt Wonen: Leuven, Belgium, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Vanneste, D.; Thomas, I.; Vanderstraeten, L. The spatial structure(s) of the Belgian housing stock. J. Hous. Built Environ. 2008, 23, 173–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Argusrapport. Energie voor Morgen: Krijtlijnen van een Duurzaam Energiesysteem; Argus: Tielt, Belgium, 2014; p. 118. [Google Scholar]
- Labo Ruimte. Energielandschap Vlaanderen; Report for Team Vlaams Bouwmeester, Vlaamse Landmaatschappij, Ruimte Vlaanderen, VITO; Posad, 3E, Universiteit Gent, Resource Design; Labo Ruimte: Brussels, Belgium, 2015; p. 212. [Google Scholar]
- Van Esch, L.; Meynaerts, E.; Vermeiren, K.; Uljee, I.; Janssen, L.; Guisson, R.; Engelen, G.; Hoes, H.; Robeyn, N. Hernieuwbare EnergieAtlas Vlaamse Gemeenten; VITO, TerraEnergy: Departement Leefmilieu, Natuur en Energie: Brussels, Belgium, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Juwet, G. De ruimtelijke dimensie van energietransitie in Vlaanderen: Het structurerend potentieel van collectieve energieprojecten. In Plandag 2017: Gedeelde Ruimte: Gebundelde Papers en Bijdragen; Bouma, G., Ed.; PDD, BNSP, VRP: Gent, Belgium, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Cyx, W. Studieopdracht: Naar een Vergroening van de Warmtevoorziening voor Huishoudens in Vlaanderen; Bond Beter Leefmilieu: Brussels, Belgium, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Raeymaekers, K. Editorial: Het wordt warm onder onze voeten. Ruimte 2017, 35. [Google Scholar]
- Sijmons, D. Landschap en Energie, Ontwerpen voor Transitie; nai010 Publishers: Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2014; ISBN 978-94-6208-112-3. [Google Scholar]
- Sijmons, D. Energie & Ruimte, Een Nationaal Perspectief; for Vereniging Deltametropool; FABRICations, H+N+S, POSAD, Studio Marco Vermeulen. NRGlab Wageningen Universiteit. Vereniging Deltametropool: Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Block, T.; Paredis, E. Transitiemanagement: De Januskop van duurzaamheid in Vlaamse steden en van het gangbare transitiedenken. In Duurzame en Creatieve Steden: De Stad als Motor van de Samenleving; Agentschap voor Binnenlands Bestuur: Brussel, Belgium, 2012; pp. 97–128. [Google Scholar]
- Rotmans, J.; Kemp, R.; Van Asselt, M. More evolution than revolution: Transition management in public policy. Foresight 2001, 3, 15–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fischer-Kowalski, M.; Rotmans, J. Conceptualizing, Observing, and Influencing Social-Ecological Transitions. Ecol. Soc. 2009, 14, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haberl, H.; Fischer-Kowalski, M.; Krausmann, F.; Martinez-Alier, J.; Winiwarter, V. A Socio-metabolic Transition towards Sustainability? Challenges for another Great Transformation. Sustain. Dev. 2011, 19, 1–14. [Google Scholar]
- Geels, F. Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: A multi-level perspective and a case-study. Res. Policy 2002, 31, 1257–1274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geels, F. The Dynamics of Transitions in Socio-technical Systems: A Multi-level Analysis of the Transition Pathway from Horse-drawn Carriages to Automobiles (1860–1930). Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 2005, 17, 445–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rotmans, J.; Loorbach, D. Complexity and Transition Management. J. Ind. Ecol. 2009, 13, 184–196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Geels, F. From sectoral systems of innovation to socio-technical systems, Insights about dynamics and change from sociology and institutional theory. Res. Policy 2004, 33, 897–920. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, A.; Voss, J.-P.; Grin, J. Innovation studies and sustainability transitions: The allure of the multi-level perspective and its challenges. Res. Policy 2010, 39, 435–448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geels, F.; Schot, J. Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways. Res. Policy 2007, 36, 399–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monstadt, J. Conceptualizing the political ecology of urban infrastructures: Insights from technology and urban studies. Environ. Plan. A 2009, 41, 1924–1942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Verbong, G.; Geels, F. The ongoing energy transition: Lessons from a socio-technical, Multi-level analysis of the Dutch Electricity system (1960–2004). Energy Policy 2007, 35, 1025–1037. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hughes, T.P. The Seamless Web: Technology, Science, Etcetera, Etcetera. Soc. Stud. Sci. 1986, 16, 281–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faller, F. A practice approach to study the spatial dimensions of the energy transition. Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit. 2016, 19, 85–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bridge, G.; Bouzarovski, S.; Bradshaw, M.; Eyre, N. Geographies of energy transition: Space, place and the low-carbon economy. Energy Policy 2013, 53, 331–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Coenen, L.; Benneworth, P.; Truffer, B. Toward a spatial perspective on sustainability transitions. Res. Policy 2012, 41, 968–979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coenen, L.; Truffer, B. Places and Spaces of Sustainability Transitions: Geographical Contributions to an Emerging Research and Policy Field. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2012, 20, 367–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hodson, M.; Marvin, S. Can cities shape socio-technical transitions and how would we know if they were? Res. Policy 2010, 39, 477–485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hansen, T.; Coenen, L. The geography of sustainability transitions: Review, synthesis and reflections on an emergent research field. Environ. Innov. Soc. Transit. 2015, 17, 92–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castàn Broto, V. Energy landscapes and urban trajectories towards sustainability. Energy Policy 2017, 108, 755–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Corboz, A. The Land as Palimpsest; SAGE: Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 1983. [Google Scholar]
- Dehaene, M. From the nebular city to the horizontal metropolis: Notes on the continued urbanization of the Flemish territory. In A Landscape Perspective on Urbanism; Uyttenhove, P., Dehaene, M., Eds.; Academia Press: Gent, Belgium, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Viganò, P.; Secchi, B.; Fabian, L. Water and Asphalt, the Project of Isotropy; UFO: Explorations of Urbanism; The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 2016; ISBN 978-3-906027-71-5. [Google Scholar]
- Dehaene, M.; De Meulder, B. Hybrid figures in the dispersed city: Towards a retroactive urbanism for the Flemish urban landscape. Archit. Urban. 2003, 6, 126–131. [Google Scholar]
- De Block, G. Planning Rural-Urban Landscapes: Railways and Countryside Urbanisation in South-West Flanders, Belgium (1830–1930). Landsc. Res. 2014, 39, 542–565. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Decker, P. Understanding housing sprawl: The case of Flanders, Belgium. Environ. Plan. A 2011, 43, 1634–1654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ryckewaert, M. Building the Economic Backbone of the Belgian Welfare State. Infrastructure, Planning and Architecture 1945–1973; 010 Publishers: Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2011; ISBN 978-90-6450-751-9. [Google Scholar]
- Bruggeman, D.; Dehaene, M. Urban questions in the countryside? Urbanization and the collective consumption of electricity in early twentieth-century Belgium. Plan. Perspect. 2017, 32, 309–332. [Google Scholar]
- Kaika, M.; Swyngedouw, E. Fetishizing the Modern City: The Phantasmagoria of Urban Technological Networks. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 2000, 24, 120–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graham, S.; Marvin, S. Splintering Urbanism; Routledge: London, UK, 2001; ISBN 978-0-415-18965-1. [Google Scholar]
- Hommels, A. Studying Obduracy in the City: Toward a Productive Fusion between Technology Studies and Urban Studies. Sci. Technol. Hum. Values 2005, 30, 323–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- David, P.A. Clio and the economics of QWERTY. Am. Econ. Rev. 1985, 75, 332–337. [Google Scholar]
- Meadowcroft, J. What about the politics? Sustainable development, transition management, and long term energy transitions. Policy Sci. 2009, 42, 323–340. [Google Scholar]
- Furlong, K. Small technologies, big change: Rethinking infrastructure through STS and geography. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 2010, 35, 460–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paredis, E.; Block, T. Transitiepraktijk van de Vlaamse Overheid: Meer dan een schijnbeweging? Vlaams Tijdschr. Voor Overheidsmanag. 2015, 1, 11–19. [Google Scholar]
- Heynen, H. Space as receptor, instrument or stage. Notes on the interaction between spatial and social constellations. Int. Plan. Stud. 2013, 18, 342–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loeckx, A.; Shannon, K.; Tuts, R.; Verschuere, H. Urban Trialogues: Visions_Projects_Co-Productions. Localising Agenda 21; UN Habitat: Nairobi, Kenya, 2004; ISBN 978-92-1-131709-1. [Google Scholar]
- Blondia, M. Een Onderzoek naar het Ruimtelijk Sturend Potentieel van een Geïntegreerd Regionaal Openbaar Vervoersproject voor de Vlaamse Nevelstad & Een Netwerk van Verknoopte Corridors als Strategie voor de Transformatie van Mobiliteits- en Verstedelijkingspatronen. Doctoral Thesis, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium, September 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Verachtert, E.; Mayeres, I.; Poelmans, L.; Van der Meulen, M.; Vanhulsel, M.; Engelen, G. Ontwikkelingskansen op Basis van Knooppuntwaarde en Nabijheid Voorzieningen; VITO for Ruimte Vlaanderen: Brussel, Belgium, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Witboek. Beleidsplan Ruimte Vlaanderen; Departement Omgeving: Brussels, Belgium, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Departement Ruimte Vlaanderen. Atelier Diepe Geothermie; Report for Team Vlaams Bouwmeester; Departement Ruimte Vlaanderen: Brussels, Belgium, 51N4E; 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Hajer, M. The Energetic Society. In Search of a Governance Philosophy for a Clean Economy; PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency: The Hague, The Netherlands, 2011; ISBN 978-90-78645-78-8. [Google Scholar]
- Hajer, M. The Power of Imagination; Utrecht University: Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Cox, V. Investigating Urban Design Workshops in Flanders: Researching Designerly Research. Doctoral Thesis, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium, March 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Marin, J. Reinterpreting the territory’s resourcefulness. In Urbanism and Urbanization 2018: On Reproduction: Re-Imagining the Political Ecology of Urbanism; Ghent University: Ghent, Belgium, 2018; pp. 141–156. [Google Scholar]
- Schreurs, J.; Kuhk, A. Hybride narratieven in regionale toekomstverkenningen: Verkenning van de complementariteit van Ontwerpmatig Onderzoek en Scenario-Bouw. In Plannen van de Toekomst: Gebundelde Papers en Bijlagen Plandag 2011; Stichting Planologische Studiedagen: Brussel, Belgium, 2011; pp. 333–352. [Google Scholar]
- Viganò, P. Les Territoires de l’urbanisme, le Projet Comme Producteur de Connaissance; MétisPresses: Genève, Switzerland, 2016; ISBN 978-2-940406-88-3. [Google Scholar]
- Stremke, S.; Van Kann, F.; Koh, J. Integrated Visions (Part I): Methodological Framework for Long-term Regional Design. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2012, 20, 305–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stremke, S.; Koh, J.; Neven, K.; Boekel, A. Integrated Visions (Part II): Envisioning Sustainable Energy Landscapes. Eur. Plan. Stud. 2012, 20, 609–626. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Bolhuis, W.; de Willigen, J.; Eekhof, J.M.; Dorsman, E.; de Haan, J. Denkbeelden voor een Slimme Energiestad; Atelier Stadsbouwmeester Groningen: Groningen, The Netherlands, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Leduc, W.R.W.A.; Van Kann, F.M.G. Spatial planning based on urban energy harvesting toward productive urban regions. J. Clean. Prod. 2013, 39, 180–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guy, S.; Karvonen, A. District heating comes to Ecotown: Zero carbon housing and the rescaling of UK energy provision. In Beyond the Networked City: Infrastructure Reconfigurations and Urban Change in the North and South; Coutard, O., Rutherford, J., Eds.; Routledge studies in urbanism and the city; Routledge: London, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2016; pp. 72–93. [Google Scholar]
- De Meulder, B.; Schreurs, J.; Cock, A.; Notteboom, B. Patching up the Belgian Landscape. OASE: Tijdschrift voor Architectuur 1999, 52, 78–113. [Google Scholar]
- Newell, J.P.; Cousins, J.J. The boundaries of urban metabolism: Towards a political-industrial ecology. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 2014, 39, 702–728. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wachsmuth, D. Three Ecologies: Urban Metabolism and the Society-Nature Opposition. Soc. Q. 2012, 53, 506–523. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wolman, A. The Metabolism of Cities. Sci. Am. 1965, 213, 178–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Odum, H.T. Environment, Power and Society; John Wiley & sons: New York, NY, USA, 1971; ISBN 978-0-471-65275-5. [Google Scholar]
- Holmes, T.; Pincetl, S. Urban Metabolism Literature Review; UCLA Institute of the Environment, Centre for Sustainable Urban Systems: Brussels, Belgium, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Duvigneaud, P.; Denayer-De Smet, S. L’écosystème Urbain Bruxellois. In Productivité Biologique en Belgique; Editions Duculot: Gembloux, Belgium, 1977; Volume Travaux de la section Belge du programme biologique international; pp. 608–613. [Google Scholar]
- Oswald, F.; Baccini, P. Netzstadt: Designing the Urban; Birkhäuser: Basel, Switzerland; Boston, MA, USA; Berlin, Germany, 2003; ISBN 978-3-7643-6963-7. [Google Scholar]
- McDonough, W.; Braungart, M. Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things; North Point Press: New York, NY, USA, 2002; ISBN 978-0-86547-587-8. [Google Scholar]
- Barragán-Escandón, A.; Terrados-Cepeda, J.; Zalamea-León, E. The Role of Renewable Energy in the Promotion of Circular Urban Metabolism. Sustainability 2017, 9, 2341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Katsikis, N. On the Geographical Organization of World Urbanization. Available online: http://urbantheorylab.net/site/assets/files/1126/geographical_organization_landscape_1.pdf (accessed on 24 March 2017).
- Athanassiadis, A.; Christis, M.; Bouillard, P.; Vercalsteren, A.; Crawford, R.H.; Khan, A.Z. Comparing a territorial-based and a consumption-based approach to assess the local and global environmental performance of cities. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allacker, K.; De Troyer, F.; Trigaux, D.; Geerken, T.; Debacker, W.; Spirinckx, C.; Van Dessel, J.; Janssen, A.; Delem, L.; Putzeys, K. Sustainability, Financial and Quality Evaluation of Dwelling Types SuFiQuaD; Universiteit Leuven, VITO: Brussels, Belgium, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Allacker, K.; Trigaux, D.; De Troyer, F. Model for the environmental impact assessment of neighbourhoods. WIT Trans. Ecol. Environ. 2014, 181, 103–114. [Google Scholar]
- Kennedy, C.; Pincetl, S.; Bunje, P. The Study of Urban Metabolism and Its Applications to Urban Planning and Design. Environ. Pollut. 2011, 159, 1965–1973. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Geddes, P. The Valley Section from Hills to Sea. Available online: http://habitat.aq.upm.es/b/n45/apged.en.html (accessed on 24 March 2017).
- McHarg, I. Design with Nature; Natural History Press: New York, NY, USA, 1969; ISBN 978-0-471-11460-4. [Google Scholar]
- Tjallingii, S. Ecopolis: Strategies for Ecologically Sound Urban Development; Backhuys Publishers: Leiden, The Netherlands, 1995; ISBN 90-73348-34-X. [Google Scholar]
- Mostafavi, M.; Doherty, G. Ecological Urbanism, revised ed.; Lars Müller Publishers: Zürich, Switzerland, 2016; ISBN 978-3-03778-189-0. [Google Scholar]
- Waldheim, C. The Landscape Urbanism Reader; Princeton Architectural Press: New York, NY, USA, 2006; ISBN 978-1-56898-439-1. [Google Scholar]
- Tilly, N.; Klijn, O.; Borsboom, J.; Looije, M. Urban Metabolism: Sustainable Development of Rotterdam; IABR—International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam: Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Fernández, J.; Ferrão, P. Sustainable Urban Metabolism; The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2013; ISBN 978-0-262-01936-1. [Google Scholar]
- Ibanez, D.; Katsikis, N. New Geographies—Grounding Metabolism; Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2014; ISBN 978-1-934510-37-7. [Google Scholar]
- Hajer, M.; Dassen, T. Smart about Cities: Visualising the Challenge for 21st Century Urbanism; nai010 Publishers: Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 2014; ISBN 978-94-6208-148-2. [Google Scholar]
- Stremke, S.; van den Dobbelsteen, A.; Koh, J. Exergy landscapes: Exploration of second-law thinking towards sustainable landscape design. Int. J. Exergy 2011, 8, 148–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lysen, E. The Trias Energetica: Solar Energy Strategies for Developing Countries. In Proceedings of the Eurosun Conference, Freiburg, Germany; 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Van den Dobbelsteen, A. Towards closed cycles—New strategy steps inspired by the Cradle to Cradle approach. In Proceedings of the 25th Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Dublin, Ireland, 22–24 October 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Van den Dobbelsteen, A.; Tillie, N.; Doepel, D.; Joubert, M.; De Jager, W.; Mayenburg, D. Towards CO2-neutral urban planning: Presenting the Rotterdam Energy Approach and Planning (REAP). J. Green Build. 2009, 4, 103–112. [Google Scholar]
- Van den Dobbelsteen, A.; Tillie, N.; Kürschner, J.; Mantel, B.; Hakvoort, L. The Amsterdam guide to energetic urban planning. In Proceedings of the Management and Innovation for a Sustainable Built Environment, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 20–23 June 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Vandevyvere, H.; Stremke, S. Urban planning for a renewable energy future: Methodological challenges and opportunities from a design perspective. Sustainability 2012, 4, 1309–1328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pasqualetti, M.J. Morality, space and the power of wind-energy landscapes. Geogr. Rev. 2000, 90, 381–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walker, G. What are the barriers and incentives for community-owned means of energy production and use? Energy Policy 2008, 36, 4401–4405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wüstenhagen, R.; Wolsink, M.; Bürer, M.J. Social acceptance of renewable energy innovation: An introduction to the concept. Energy Policy 2007, 35, 2683–2691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sansen, J. Gemeenschapsparticipatie in windenergie: Een antwoord op de groeiende tegenstand? Oikos 2015, 73, 94–104. [Google Scholar]
- Byrne, J.; Toly, N. Energy as a Social Project: Recovering a Discourse. In Transforming Power: Energy, Environment, and Society in Conflict; Byrne, J., Toly, N., Glover, L., Eds.; Transaction Publishers: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2006; pp. 1–32. ISBN 978-1-4128-0514-8. [Google Scholar]
- Coutard, O.; Rutherford, J. Energy transition and city-region planning: Understanding the spatial politics of systemic change. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 2010, 22, 711–727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avelino, F.; Rotmans, J. Power in Transition: An Interdisciplinary Framework to Study. Eur. J. Soc. Theory 2009, 12, 543–569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hoffman, J.; Loeber, A. Exploring the Micro-politics in Transitions from a Practice Perspective—The Case of Greenhouse Innovation in the Netherlands. J. Environ. Policy Plan. 2016, 18, 692–711. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heynen, N. Urban political ecology I: The urban century. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 2013, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coutard, O.; Guy, S. STS and the City, Politics and Practices of Hope. Sci. Technol. Hum. Values 2007, 32, 713–734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Coutard, O. Placing splintering urbanism: Introduction. Geoforum 2008, 39, 1815–1820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Miller, C.A.; Iles, A.; Jones, C.F. The Social Dimensions of Energy Transitions. Sci. Cult. 2013, 22, 135–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harvey, D. The Future of the Commons. Radic. Hist. Rev. 2011, 109, 101–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mattei, U. The strategy of common assets: Providing direct access to social justice by renewing common sense: The state, the market and some preliminary questions about the commons. In Redefining and Combating Poverty: Human Rights, Democracy and Common Assets in Today’s Europe; Trends in Social Cohesion Series; Council of Europe Publishing: Strasbourg, France, 2012; pp. 307–324. [Google Scholar]
- Becker, S.; Naumann, M.; Moss, T. Between coproduction and commons: Understanding initiatives to reclaim urban energy provisino in Berlin and Hamburg. Urban Res. Pract. 2017, 10, 63–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seyfang, G.; Haxeltine, A. Growing grassroots innovations: Exploring the role of community-based initiatives in governing sustainable energy transitions. Environ. Plan. C Gov. Policy 2012, 30, 381–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shove, E.; Walker, G. CAUTION! Transitions ahead: Politics, practice and sustainable transition management. Environ. Plan. A 2007, 39, 763–770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vansintjan, D. De Energietransitie naar Energiedemocratie, “Power to the People”; Rescoop: Berchem, Belgium, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Albrechts, L. Reframing Strategic Spatial Planning by Using a Coproduction Perspective. Plan. Theory 2013, 12, 46–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vervloesem, E.; De Meulder, B.; Loeckx, A. Stadsvernieuwingsprojecten in Vlaanderen—(2002–2011); Academic and Scientific Publishers: Brussel, Belgium, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Walraven, J. VREG stelt vragen bij ambitieuze fusieplannen Kennis. Apache, May 2017; 7. [Google Scholar]
- Willems, T. De Eandis-deal: een gemiste kans voor energiedemocratie. De Gids, 2016; 38–44. [Google Scholar]
- Willems, T. Coöperatief ondernemen met windenerie. Waarom Vlaanderen nood heeft aan een winddecreet. Oikos 70, 2014; 5–16. [Google Scholar]
- Aernouts, N.; Ryckewaert, M. Reconceptualizing the “Publicness” of Public Housing: The case of Brussels. Soc. Incl. 2015, 3, 17–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disciplinary Field | Theoretical Concept(s) | Urban Design Concept(s) | Design Parameters In Dispersedly Urbanized Territories |
---|---|---|---|
(S)TS | Energy as socio-technical system [41] | Space as palimpsest [49] | Isotropy * Spatial selectivity * E.g., Historical evolution of the electricity network |
(S)TS | Obduracy Path dependence Lock-in [59] | Retroactive urbanism [51,52] | 3. Obsolescence as opportunity *° 4. Open and flexible systems *° E.g., Greening the heating system |
(S)TS | Space as context [5,36] | Space as stage/agent [64] | 5. Structuring capacity infrastructure * 6. Proximity * Eg. (Geothermal) collective heating infrastructure |
TS | Incremental change and Fundamental shift [4,31] | Radical incrementalism Urban Trialogues [65,70,130] | 7. (De-) centralization *° 8. Individual/collective interventions *° E.g., (De-)centralisation of energy production and network governance |
MS | Energy as metabolic flow Circularity [84,85,86,95] | Designing with flows [102,103,104] | 9. Multi-scalarity *° 10. Cascading * E.g., (Low temperature) district heating |
UPE | Energy as ‘power’ [8,9,61,122] | Co-production [65,129] | 11. Energy as common ° E.g., Citizen energy cooperatives |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Juwet, G.; Ryckewaert, M. Energy Transition in the Nebular City: Connecting Transition Thinking, Metabolism Studies, and Urban Design. Sustainability 2018, 10, 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040955
Juwet G, Ryckewaert M. Energy Transition in the Nebular City: Connecting Transition Thinking, Metabolism Studies, and Urban Design. Sustainability. 2018; 10(4):955. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040955
Chicago/Turabian StyleJuwet, Griet, and Michael Ryckewaert. 2018. "Energy Transition in the Nebular City: Connecting Transition Thinking, Metabolism Studies, and Urban Design" Sustainability 10, no. 4: 955. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040955