Comparison of Modeling Grassland Degradation with and without Considering Localized Spatial Associations in Vegetation Changing Patterns
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area, Data Sources and Methodology
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources
2.3. Methodology
3. Results
3.1. Spatio-Temporal Patterns in Vegetation Change
3.2. Comparison of Vegetation Degradation by the BLR Models
3.3. Accuracy Evaluation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GI | grazing intensity |
RD | road density |
OSM | open street map |
IMAR | Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region |
TP(s) | trajectory pattern(s) of grassland vegetation |
NIs | neighborhood interaction(s) |
RR | vegetation recovery during a particular period (e.g., T1 in this study) |
DD | vegetation degradation during a particular period (e.g., T1 in this study) |
NS | no significant change in vegetation during a particular period (e.g., T1 in this study) |
F | a measurement for neighborhood interactions proposed in Verburg’s paper |
FDD, FRR, FNS | F value computed for DD, RR and NS, respectively |
BLR | binary logistic regression |
BLR-NIs | binary logistic regression model with neighborhood interactions |
NDVI | normalized difference vegetation index |
RESTREND | residual trend analysis |
RESTREND-NDVI | residual trend analysis based on NDVI |
T1, T2 | two periods corresponding years 2000–2008 and 2007–2015, respectively |
VD | redefined vegetation degradation based on the conversions matrix of TPs from T1 to T2 when RR or NS was observed in T1 and DD was observed in T2. Note that it is different from DD |
VR | redefined vegetation restoration based on the conversions matrix of TPs from T1 to T2 when DD or NS was present in T1 and RR observed in T2. Note that it is different from RR |
AUC | area under the curve |
ROC | relative operating characteristic |
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Model | Variable | β | Exp(β) | 95% CI for Exp(β) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
BLR | GI | 0.610 | 1.841 | 1.554 | 2.180 |
RD | 1.847 | 6.339 | 5.634 | 7.133 | |
Const. | 0.417 | 1.518 | |||
BLR-NIs | #GI | ||||
RD | 1.671 | 5.318 | 4.673 | 6.052 | |
FDD | −0.749 | 0.473 | 0.413 | 0.541 | |
FRR | 2.176 | 8.812 | 6.820 | 11.387 | |
#FNS | |||||
Const. | 0.832 | 2.299 |
Model | Data from | Response | Predicted | Percentage Corr. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VD | Non-VD | ||||
BLR | Observed | VD | 1701 | 799 | 68.0% |
Non-VD | 205 | 2295 | 91.8% | ||
Overall acc. | 79.9% | ||||
BLR-NIs | Observed | VD | 1940 | 560 | 77.6% |
Non-VD | 163 | 2337 | 93.5% | ||
Overall acc. | 85.5% |
Model | Cox & Snell R2 | Nagelkerke R2 | AUC |
---|---|---|---|
BLR | 0.368 | 0.490 | 0.850 |
BLR-NIs | 0.499 | 0.665 | 0.919 |
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Wang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Li, R.; Meng, X.; Ju, X.; Zhao, Y.; Sha, Z. Comparison of Modeling Grassland Degradation with and without Considering Localized Spatial Associations in Vegetation Changing Patterns. Sustainability 2018, 10, 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020316
Wang Y, Wang Z, Li R, Meng X, Ju X, Zhao Y, Sha Z. Comparison of Modeling Grassland Degradation with and without Considering Localized Spatial Associations in Vegetation Changing Patterns. Sustainability. 2018; 10(2):316. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020316
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yuwei, Zhenyu Wang, Ruren Li, Xiaoliang Meng, Xingjun Ju, Yuguo Zhao, and Zongyao Sha. 2018. "Comparison of Modeling Grassland Degradation with and without Considering Localized Spatial Associations in Vegetation Changing Patterns" Sustainability 10, no. 2: 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10020316