Circular Economy Aspects Regarding LED Lighting Retrofit—from Case Studies to Vision
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The retrofit of existing 600 × 600 mm fluorescent 4 × T8 18 W luminaires with LED modules—a complete retrofit solution offered by one of the major lighting manufacturers on the market.
- Comparing the improved lighting parameters, the efficacy and indicating as a better comparation indicator the lighting power density [W/sq. m/100 lx]—it can more precisely indicate the energy used by a luminaire to provide a certain illuminance level, considering all the luminaire characteristics.
- On behalf of the new circular economy concept we tried to identify the environmental benefits of such a retrofit lighting solution—by reusing the steel case, copper wires, and aluminum reflector.
2. Case Study Up-Cycle Existing Fluorescent Luminaires to LEDs—Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
- Mechanical changes: on site you change the lenses, add/remove LEDs. Based on computer calculations that will optimize every luminaire, which will have to be adapt them by contractor/distributor.
- Digital changes: luminaires will be installed and then through software will be able to modify the light output or the light distribution, like with moving-head projectors.
- Direct Current. Since the launch of electricity supply there has been a debate between direct current (DC) and alternative current (AC). Apparently, the success was on AC, but lately it looks technological evolution has reopened this discussion. As LEDs use DC, and photovoltaic supply also produces DC, there is an opportunity to avoid useless conversion from DC to AC and then back from AC to DC—this means a major shift for the electric distribution inside buildings.
- Li-Fi or visible light communication (VLC) is a new system for wireless communication at very high speed up to 224 Gb/s using LED luminaires. The LED needs to be switched-on and cannot pass through a wall, which is good in terms of security. For the moment, the technology is under research, but in case it is a success, users may find that Internet suppliers will deliver also lighting and that will be a change for the lighting industry.
- Today luminaires can modify the luminous flux, and in some cases, the color temperature (the so-called tunable white version where you can modify from 2500 K to 6500 K). In the future, it can be expected to control every LED from the LED matrix in what will become “adaptive photometry” luminaires. This luminaire can adapt their light distribution curve to specific room or street layouts, and the presence of furniture or street obstructions. This can enable further energy savings by avoiding the use of light where there is no need, and by switching-off or dimming specific LEDs from the matrix.
- New types of presence sensors, which can detect the exact position of a person (the case of an office or a lecture hall where only few people are presents) so only the desks where people are present have the required lighting level.
- Use of Artificial Intelligence for repairing the Building Management System.
- Use of drones for repair operations for outdoor luminaires.
- Use of drones combined with LED projectors and Li Ion batteries for emergencies (earthquakes, accidents etc.) or for events (street festivals, weddings etc.)
- Link between human vision direction and lighting direction.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Resistance | Power Consumption | Power Factor |
---|---|---|
[ohms] | [W] | |
0 | 21 | 0.859 |
100 | 21 | 0.860 |
150 | 21 | 0.861 |
220 | 26 | 0.887 |
270 | 28 | 0.904 |
330 | 32 | 0.918 |
470 | 42 | 0.940 |
560 | 48 | 0.950 |
680 | 57 | 0.960 |
Measured Results | 4 × T8 18 W | LED 4 × 14.4 W, 1 × Xitanium 36 W, no Resistance |
---|---|---|
Total power per luminaire [W] | 89 | 18.8 |
Minimum illuminance level [lx] | 72 | 66 |
Maximum illuminance level [lx] | 181 | 140 |
Average illuminance level [lx] | 110 | 95 |
Uniformity [%] | 0.65 | 0.70 |
Setup | Description |
---|---|
A | 4 × T8 18 W/54-765 (89 W, PF = 0.91) White Reflector |
B | 4 × T8 18 W/54-765 (89 W, PF = 0.91) Ribbed Aluminum Reflector |
C | 4 × T8 18 W/54-765 (89 W, PF = 0.91) Ribbed Aluminum Reflector Cleaned up |
AA | NEW 4 × T8 18 W/54-865 (97 W, PF = 0.95) White Reflector |
BB | NEW 4 × T8 18 W/54-865 (97 W, PF = 0.95) Ribbed Aluminum Reflector |
D | 4 × LED 14.4 W—No resistance (21 W, PF = 0.88), Plastic diffuser, Ribbed Aluminum Reflector |
E | 4 × LED 14.4 W—No resistance (21 W, PF = 0.88), No Plastic diffuser, Ribbed Aluminum Reflector |
F | 4 × LED 14.4 W—600 ohms resistance (57 W, PF = 0.96), Plastic diffuser, Ribbed Aluminum Reflector |
Setup Scenario | A | B | C | AA | BB | D | E | F |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total power per luminaire [W] | 89.00 | 89.00 | 89.00 | 97.00 | 97.00 | 21.00 | 21.00 | 57.00 |
Minimum illuminance level [lx] | 132.00 | 147.00 | 175.00 | 197.00 | 206.00 | 133.00 | 188.00 | 321.00 |
Maximum illuminance level [lx] | 167.00 | 205.00 | 243.00 | 251.00 | 291.00 | 181.00 | 256.00 | 433.00 |
Average illuminance level [lx] | 151.35 | 174.40 | 206.40 | 224.55 | 248.80 | 156.95 | 220.85 | 375.95 |
Uniformity [min/average] | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.88 | 0.83 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 |
Lighting power density [W/sq. m/100 lx] − 1.2 × 1.6 = 1.92 sq. m | 30.63 | 26.58 | 22.46 | 22.50 | 20.31 | 6.97 | 4.95 | 7.90 |
Luminous Flux [lm] | Power [W] | Efficacy [lm/W] | |||||||||||
2674.20 | 57.67 | 46.37 | |||||||||||
CCT—Correlated Color Temperature [K] | CRI—Color Rendering Index | x | y | ||||||||||
4247.0 | 84.877 | 0.3710 | 0.3739 | ||||||||||
R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | R9 | R10 | R11 | R12 | R13 | R14 |
83 | 90 | 94 | 82 | 82 | 85 | 88 | 71 | 24 | 75 | 80 | 61 | 84 | 97 |
No. | Component | Weight [g] | Mass [%] |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Steel case | 1780 | 47.85 |
2 | Aluminum reflector | 580 | 15.59 |
3 | Cables PVC 0.75 sq. mm | 50 | 1.34 |
4 | Condenser 8 µF | 42 | 1.13 |
5 | Starter 4.22 W (4 pcs) | 28 | 0.75 |
6 | Sockets for lamps and starters | 30 | 0.81 |
7 | Magnetic ballast VS L36.790 (2 pcs) | 880 | 23.66 |
8 | Fluorescent lamps TL-D18 W (4 pcs) | 330 | 8.87 |
TOTAL | 3720 | 100.00 |
No. | Reused Components | Weight [g] | Mass [%] | Emission Factor [kg CO2 eq per kg] | CO2 eq [kg CO2 eq] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Steel case | 1780 | 47.85 | 2.29 | 4.0762 |
2 | Aluminum reflector | 580 | 15.59 | 8.14 | 4.7212 |
3 | Cables PVC 0,75 sq. mm—PVC | 38 | 1.02 | 3.83 | 0.1455 |
4 | Cables PVC 0,75 sq. mm—copper | 12 | 0.32 | 2.22 | 0.0266 |
Total | 2398 | 64.46 | 8.9696 |
No. | Problem | Solutions |
---|---|---|
1. | Few buildings have AutoCAD electronic electrical plans and most of them have blueprints. There is no update on plans. | Public buildings should start preparing Building Information Modeling (BIM) plans, with the type of luminaire, mounting date, last re-lamping, last cleaning. |
2. | No dismounting instructions; even if the luminaire has a product label, it is quite complicated to find on a company website, dismounting instructions (usually only mounting instructions). | Each luminaire should have a Quick Response Code (QR code), from where you might enter an independent website (a lighting association, just to avoid foreclosure cases) for dismounting instructions. |
3. | To retrofit a luminaire, you need to get down the luminaire, which is time consuming, plus it can reveal other electrical and technical problems. | The optical part should be mounted on a plug-in frame separately from the case and electrical connections. No rivets should be used. |
4. | Luminaires are full of dust and time is needed for cleaning. | Optical parts will need to be sealed, preferably IP 66, to have higher maintenance factor and also to be replaced plug-and-play. |
5. | There is no data about hazardous materials, or if there are subparts that can be recycled. | Environmental Product Declaration of each component should be available on BIM plans. |
6. | In the case of retrofit luminaires there is an issue about warranty and safety responsibility: the European Community (CE) mark is lost, the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) it is hard to verify in situ, and the risk of electric shocks. | The proposed retrofit must be examined further (for EMC) at least in areas with computers or other devices that could be influenced by emitted electromagnetic radiation. In case of optical part replacement all these problems are avoided. |
7. | The proposed retrofit lighting solution is able and should include modern control systems with dimming ability. For the Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI): the two wires control creates a lot of problems in existing buildings. | Wireless lighting controls should be considered and integrated in a Building Management System (BMS) which should be very simple. |
8. | To set the Constant Light Output (CLO) and Virtual Power Output (VPO) a data cable is needed. | A wireless solution should be considered for setting these values. |
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Beu, D.; Ciugudeanu, C.; Buzdugan, M. Circular Economy Aspects Regarding LED Lighting Retrofit—from Case Studies to Vision. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3674. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103674
Beu D, Ciugudeanu C, Buzdugan M. Circular Economy Aspects Regarding LED Lighting Retrofit—from Case Studies to Vision. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3674. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103674
Chicago/Turabian StyleBeu, Dorin, Calin Ciugudeanu, and Mircea Buzdugan. 2018. "Circular Economy Aspects Regarding LED Lighting Retrofit—from Case Studies to Vision" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3674. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103674
APA StyleBeu, D., Ciugudeanu, C., & Buzdugan, M. (2018). Circular Economy Aspects Regarding LED Lighting Retrofit—from Case Studies to Vision. Sustainability, 10(10), 3674. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103674