Understanding the Implementation Challenges of Urban Resilience Policies: Investigating the Influence of Urban Geological Risk in Thessaloniki, Greece
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Methodological Approach
- location, footprint and use of buildings, roads and infrastructure as per the official datasets available from the city data portal, Open Street Maps and Copernicus Land Monitoring Service Urban Atlas;
- thickness and distribution of the anthropogenic deposits published in the specialist literature, particularly by Makedon et al. [16] (but others as well), which was also our main reference for the spatial classification of buildings in the city centre by building code, damage mapped after the major earthquake event occurred in 1978 and thickness of the underlying deposits;
- location and extent of new urban development as evidenced by analysing the time series of high-resolution satellite optical imagery (2003–2017) available in Google Earth and Bing Maps.
- the geohazards recognised by the Municipality as key sources of shocks for the city;
- the indication of the components of the city urban environment and land use that raise major concerns for their potential role (either beneficial or detrimental) on management during emergencies and towards risk reduction;
- the aspiration of the city, its vision and planned actions to achieve the goal of reducing risk.
2.2. Presentation of the Case Study
2.2.1. Thessaloniki’s PRA and RS
2.2.2. Seismic Susceptibility
2.2.3. Surface/Groundwater Flooding
3. Results
3.1. The Acheiropoietos Electoral Ward Case Study
3.1.1. Geological Vulnerability
3.1.2. Exposure of the Built Environment
3.1.3. Earthquakes in Thessaloniki’s RS
- A general understanding that the municipality should not be responsible for accounting for geological risk, as other institutions, such as the Decentralised Administration of Macedonia and Thrace or the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration, are more appropriate for this task.
- The environment of the historic centre of the city is a retrofit environment and was perceived as having very little degree of adaptive opportunities, and thus technical measures were not explored further.
- The fact that responsibility for policy, such as building codes, does not sit in the municipality.
- Earthquake management was not categorized as a top-priority area for the design of the RS.
3.2. The Thermaikos Municipality Case Study
3.2.1. Geological Vulnerability
3.2.2. Exposure of the Built Environment
3.2.3. Surface Flooding in Thessaloniki’s RS
4. Discussion
4.1. Lack of Geological Insight in the Design of Resilience Strategies
4.2. Relationship between the Built Environment and Emergency Planning
4.3. Horizontal Communication among the Geologically Related Organizations
4.4. Lessons Learned
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Dataset | Source | Year |
---|---|---|
Administrative boundaries | Thessaloniki GIS portal (https://gis.thessaloniki.gr/) | 2018 |
Geological Map of Greece—Thessaloniki Sheet (scale 1:50,000) | Institute of Geological and Mining Research of Greece | 1978 |
Engineering Geology Map of the Thessaloniki Wider Area (scale 1:50,000) | Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (IGME) | 2000 |
Earthquakes over 4.0 Richter Magnitude | National Observatory of Greece, Institute of Geodynamics (http://www.gein.noa.gr/en/seismicity/earthquake-catalogs) | 2017 |
Database of high-impact weather events in Greece (2001–2012) | National Observatory of Athens (NOA), Papagiannaki et al. [30] | 2013 |
Floods in Greece (1880–2010) | Diakakis et al. [29] | 2012 |
On-Line Flood Database for Greece | Nikolaidou et al. [31] ceogis-floods.web.auth.gr | 2014 |
Building uses in Thessaloniki Metropolitan Area | Thessaloniki GIS portal (https://gis.thessaloniki.gr/) | 2018 |
Building geometry (from Open Street Maps) | Open Street Maps (https://www.openstreetmap.org/) | 2018 |
Geotectonical zones of Northern Greece | Makedon et al. [16] | 2009 |
Urban fill thickness | Makedon et al. [16] | 2009 |
Land cover map | Copernicus Land Monitoring Service, Urban Atlas (https://land.copernicus.eu/) | 2006 |
High-resolution satellite optical imagery (2003–2017) | Google Earth, Bingmap | 2017 |
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) | USGS (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/) | 2000 |
Hydrology | http://data.gov.gr/, and digitised based on Google Earth and DEM | 2018 |
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Building Block | Number of Floors (Mean) | Building Density (FAR) | Building Height (Mean) (m) | Area (m2) | Mean Distance from Free Space (m) | Minimum Distance from Free Space (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
725 | 5.50 | 3.08 | 15.40 | 4157.27 | 229.03 | 51.98 |
755 | 6.45 | 3.72 | 18.06 | 4267.51 | 223.39 | 52.36 |
772 | 5.59 | 3.07 | 15.65 | 7436.36 | 260.04 | 127.44 |
807 | 6.38 | 4.04 | 17.86 | 4226.22 | 272.35 | 183.40 |
808 | 5.82 | 3.38 | 16.30 | 4144.63 | 199.22 | 120.05 |
816 | 6.67 | 3.44 | 18.68 | 3704.44 | 317.25 | 247.30 |
822 | 5.43 | 3.10 | 15.20 | 6474.97 | 238.77 | 191.95 |
826 | 6.00 | 2.78 | 16.80 | 2799.39 | 380.67 | 310.23 |
832 | 4.19 | 2.27 | 11.73 | 5616.51 | 194.60 | 147.41 |
835 | 6.27 | 3.82 | 17.56 | 5908.81 | 414.50 | 313.56 |
858 | 4.50 | 2.62 | 12.60 | 2129.89 | 472.53 | 362.05 |
862 | 7.14 | 3.32 | 19.99 | 3554.42 | 347.24 | 228.20 |
866 | 6.12 | 3.98 | 17.14 | 6200.24 | 508.38 | 370.42 |
867 | 3.60 | 1.32 | 10.08 | 4272.53 | 193.33 | 127.04 |
870 | 5.09 | 3.33 | 14.25 | 2288.76 | 449.53 | 316.06 |
878 | 5.69 | 3.66 | 15.93 | 4021.97 | 221.81 | 86.59 |
879 | 6.25 | 3.17 | 17.50 | 5584.88 | 560.68 | 410.32 |
886 | 7.17 | 4.18 | 20.08 | 2649.88 | 431.18 | 271.32 |
889 | 6.83 | 4.29 | 19.12 | 2767.56 | 256.89 | 82.19 |
891 | 6.25 | 4.01 | 17.50 | 3922.29 | 364.38 | 203.68 |
892 | 6.50 | 4.37 | 18.20 | 2542.18 | 318.44 | 145.54 |
897 | 6.36 | 3.81 | 17.81 | 4715.72 | 216.32 | 110.05 |
904 | 6.64 | 4.12 | 18.59 | 5166.53 | 478.42 | 300.28 |
906 | 6.64 | 4.00 | 18.59 | 3789.76 | 308.07 | 103.82 |
908 | 6.69 | 4.19 | 18.73 | 4486.10 | 238.70 | 57.32 |
911 | 6.63 | 3.39 | 18.56 | 4130.45 | 422.39 | 229.71 |
917 | 5.40 | 2.00 | 15.12 | 2548.11 | 536.24 | 355.72 |
924 | 6.50 | 4.05 | 18.20 | 1454.69 | 364.04 | 155.29 |
933 | 6.40 | 3.74 | 17.92 | 2305.83 | 365.00 | 133.99 |
934 | 5.00 | 3.03 | 14.00 | 1698.38 | 411.23 | 197.18 |
942 | 6.80 | 4.51 | 19.04 | 4387.58 | 517.39 | 315.02 |
950 | 6.40 | 3.93 | 17.92 | 4924.47 | 478.83 | 256.03 |
954 | 6.67 | 4.47 | 18.68 | 1340.47 | 408.04 | 174.84 |
955 | 6.36 | 3.23 | 17.81 | 7245.13 | 364.44 | 112.58 |
960 | 6.67 | 3.96 | 18.68 | 2578.19 | 386.51 | 141.21 |
969 | 7.14 | 5.27 | 19.99 | 3348.01 | 490.67 | 256.61 |
974 | 5.29 | 2.94 | 14.81 | 6592.56 | 468.36 | 222.92 |
995 | 5.47 | 3.19 | 15.32 | 3349.77 | 587.30 | 346.52 |
996 | 4.89 | 2.00 | 13.69 | 4585.28 | 535.98 | 293.22 |
1024 | 6.60 | 3.39 | 18.48 | 1558.93 | 644.60 | 403.41 |
1028 | 7.00 | 3.16 | 19.60 | 1278.08 | 263.20 | 126.92 |
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Pitidis, V.; Tapete, D.; Coaffee, J.; Kapetas, L.; Porto de Albuquerque, J. Understanding the Implementation Challenges of Urban Resilience Policies: Investigating the Influence of Urban Geological Risk in Thessaloniki, Greece. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103573
Pitidis V, Tapete D, Coaffee J, Kapetas L, Porto de Albuquerque J. Understanding the Implementation Challenges of Urban Resilience Policies: Investigating the Influence of Urban Geological Risk in Thessaloniki, Greece. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103573
Chicago/Turabian StylePitidis, Vangelis, Deodato Tapete, Jon Coaffee, Leon Kapetas, and João Porto de Albuquerque. 2018. "Understanding the Implementation Challenges of Urban Resilience Policies: Investigating the Influence of Urban Geological Risk in Thessaloniki, Greece" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103573
APA StylePitidis, V., Tapete, D., Coaffee, J., Kapetas, L., & Porto de Albuquerque, J. (2018). Understanding the Implementation Challenges of Urban Resilience Policies: Investigating the Influence of Urban Geological Risk in Thessaloniki, Greece. Sustainability, 10(10), 3573. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103573