Tree Species Diversity and Socioeconomic Perspectives of the Urban (Food) Forest of Accra, Ghana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Vegetation Sampling Design
2.3. Socioeconomic Survey
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overall Woody Species Diversity
3.2. Food-Tree Species Diversity
3.3. Species Composition and ß-Diversity of Food-Tree Species
3.4. Nutrient Composition of Selected Common Urban Food-Tree Species in Accra
3.5. Perceptions of Urban Forest Cover and Interest in Promoting Urban Forestry in Accra
4. Discussion
4.1. Forest and Food-Tree Species Composition and Diversity
4.2. Urban Forest-Tree Diversity and Food/Nutritional Security
4.3. Perceptions and Interest in Promoting Urban Food Forest
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socioeconomic Variables | Number | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|
Neighborhood characteristics | ||
High income | 29 | 30.21 |
Middle income | 25 | 26.04 |
Low income | 42 | 43.75 |
Gender | ||
Female | 53 | 55.21 |
Male | 43 | 44.79 |
House ownership | ||
Family | 57 | 59.38 |
Government | 17 | 17.17 |
Rented | 22 | 22.92 |
Age range (years) | ||
20–40 | 54 | 56.25 |
40–60 | 32 | 33.33 |
>60 | 10 | 10.42 |
Employment | ||
Formal | 32 | 33.33 |
Informal | 59 | 61.46 |
Informal | 5 | 5.21 |
Education | ||
Primary | 29 | 30.21 |
Secondary | 35 | 36.46 |
Tertiary | 29 | 36.46 |
Uneducated | 3 | 3.13 |
Land Use | Richness | Abundance | Simpson’s D | Pielou’s Evenness, J |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cemetery | 12.0 | 68.0 | 0.496 | 1.247 |
Institutional compound | 33.0 | 144.0 | 0.957 | 2.945 |
Home garden | 47.0 | 368.0 | 0.945 | 3.149 |
Park | 29.0 | 91.0 | 0.910 | 2.800 |
Street | 12.0 | 127.0 | 0.829 | 1.870 |
Accra total | 70.0 | 798.0 | 0.950 | 3.337 |
Chisq (χ2) | 33.4 | 362.36 | 0.163 | 0.406 |
p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.997 | 0.982 |
Neighborhood | Abundance | Richness | Simpson’s D | Pielou’s Evenness, J |
---|---|---|---|---|
High income | 502 | 42 | 0.93 | 0.80 |
Middle income | 215 | 33 | 0.92 | 0.86 |
Low income | 131 | 35 | 0.96 | 0.93 |
Chisq (χ2) | 267.8 | 1.22 | 0.001 | 0.01 |
p-value | <0.0001 | 0.544 | 0.999 | 0.995 |
Land Use | Richness | Abundance | Simpson’s D | Pielou’s J | % Fruit Trees | % Fruit Tree Species |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cemetery | 5.0 | 7.0 | 0.905 | 0.963 | 10.3 | 41.7 |
IC | 12.0 | 76.0 | 0.877 | 0.873 | 52.8 | 36.4 |
HG | 19.0 | 243.0 | 0.889 | 0.821 | 66.0 | 40.4 |
Park | 7.0 | 19.0 | 0.819 | 0.868 | 20.9 | 24.1 |
Street | 3.0 | 43.0 | 0.135 | 0.271 | 33.9 | 25.0 |
Total | 22.0 | 388.0 | 0.867 | 0.761 | 48.6 | 31.4 |
Chisq (χ2) | 17.9 | 476.6 | 0.606 | 0.4063 | 56.3 | 08.5 |
p-value | 0.0013 | <0.0001 | 0.962 | 0.982 | <0.0001 | 0.0758 |
Neighborhood | Abundance | Richness | Simpson’s D | Pielou’s J |
---|---|---|---|---|
High income | 198 | 13 | 0.93 | 0.80 |
Middle income | 122 | 12 | 0.92 | 0.85 |
Low income | 69 | 16 | 0.96 | 0.90 |
Chisq (χ2) | 64.8 | 0.634 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
p-value | <0.0001 | 0.728 | 0.999 | 0.997 |
Niacin | K | Ca | P | Zn | Na | Mg | Fe | Cu | Mn | Iodine (I) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of species | 3.0 | 14.0 | 16.0 | 12.0 | 15.0 | 13.0 | 19.0 | 16.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 2.0 |
Proportion of sampled food tree species (%) | 14.3 | 66.7 | 76.2 | 57.1 | 71.4 | 61.9 | 90.5 | 76.2 | 47.6 | 47.6 | 9.5 |
Number of trees | 23 | 310 | 328 | 202 | 321 | 337 | 364 | 368 | 238 | 259 | 65 |
Proportion of sampled food trees (%) | 5.9 | 79.9 | 84.5 | 52.1 | 82.7 | 86.9 | 93.8 | 94.8 | 61.3 | 66.8 | 16.8 |
Mean | 1.2 | 275.3 | 62.8 | 232.5 | 21.2 | 40.2 | 54.8 | 4.1 | 8.9 | 5.3 | 18.8 |
Minimum | 1.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.3 |
Maximum | 1.9 | 673.5 | 250.1 | 1411.0 | 193.9 | 169.5 | 347.0 | 16.2 | 70.3 | 29.2 | 33.3 |
Variable | DF | Wald Chi-Square | Pr > ChiSq |
---|---|---|---|
X1—Neighborhood type | 2 | 6.8959 | 0.0318 ** |
X2—House ownership | 3 | 0.3936 | 0.9416 |
X3—Age range | 2 | 0.8703 | 0.6472 |
X4—Sex of respondent | 1 | 0.1161 | 0.7333 |
X5—Household size | 16 | 6.7629 | 0.9776 |
X6—Employment of household head | 2 | 2.4212 | 0.2980 |
X7—Level of education of respondent | 3 | 3.5376 | 0.3159 |
X9—Satisfaction with quality and quantity of food | 1 | 1.4275 | 0.2322 |
X10—Vegetation cover of Accra | 1 | 1.4547 | 0.2278 |
X11—Food/Fruit tree cover of Accra | 1 | 7.0229 | 0.0080 *** |
X12—Vegetation cover of neighborhood | 3 | 5.5055 | 0.1383 |
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Nero, B.F.; Kwapong, N.A.; Jatta, R.; Fatunbi, O. Tree Species Diversity and Socioeconomic Perspectives of the Urban (Food) Forest of Accra, Ghana. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3417. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103417
Nero BF, Kwapong NA, Jatta R, Fatunbi O. Tree Species Diversity and Socioeconomic Perspectives of the Urban (Food) Forest of Accra, Ghana. Sustainability. 2018; 10(10):3417. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103417
Chicago/Turabian StyleNero, Bertrand F., Nana Afranaa Kwapong, Raymond Jatta, and Oluwole Fatunbi. 2018. "Tree Species Diversity and Socioeconomic Perspectives of the Urban (Food) Forest of Accra, Ghana" Sustainability 10, no. 10: 3417. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103417