Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Context of Global Travel, Migration, Refugee Populations, and Humanitarian Crises
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Impact of Refugee Settlements on the Spread, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
3. Migrant Populations, Dermatological Issues, and Healthcare
4. Migration, Climate Change, and Travel in Emerging Disease Patterns of CL
5. Mechanisms and Differences in Presentation
6. Challenges in Diagnosis and Management
7. Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
8. Integrated Approaches and Future Directions
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CL | Cutaneous leishmaniasis |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
IFN-γ | Interferon-γ |
IL-12 | Interleukin-12 |
LCL | Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis |
LMICs | Low- and middle-income countries |
NTD | Neglected tropical diseases |
PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
Th1 | T-helper 1 |
Th2 | T-helper 2 |
TLR | Toll-like receptor |
WHO | World Health Organization |
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Kim, J.; Zieneldien, T.; Ma, S.; Cohen, B.A. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Context of Global Travel, Migration, Refugee Populations, and Humanitarian Crises. Clin. Pract. 2025, 15, 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15040077
Kim J, Zieneldien T, Ma S, Cohen BA. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Context of Global Travel, Migration, Refugee Populations, and Humanitarian Crises. Clinics and Practice. 2025; 15(4):77. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15040077
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Janice, Tarek Zieneldien, Sophia Ma, and Bernard A. Cohen. 2025. "Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Context of Global Travel, Migration, Refugee Populations, and Humanitarian Crises" Clinics and Practice 15, no. 4: 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15040077
APA StyleKim, J., Zieneldien, T., Ma, S., & Cohen, B. A. (2025). Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Context of Global Travel, Migration, Refugee Populations, and Humanitarian Crises. Clinics and Practice, 15(4), 77. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15040077