Exploring the Health Literacy and Patient Activation Among Patients with Glaucoma: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Variables
2.2. Participants and Sample
2.3. Data Collection and Instruments
2.3.1. European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire 16 (HLS-EU-16)
2.3.2. The Patient Activation Measure-13 (PAM-13)
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ν | N% | ||
---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 63.9 ± 14.4 * | ||
Biological sex | Female | 134 | 42.9% |
Male | 178 | 57.1% | |
Education level | Primary | 228 | 73.1% |
Secondary | 44 | 14.1% | |
Tertiary | 40 | 12.8% | |
Comorbidity | No | 25 | 8.0% |
Yes | 287 | 92.0% | |
Diabetes mellitus | 235 | 81.9% | |
Hypertension | 230 | 80.1% | |
Cardiovascular disease | 85 | 29.6% | |
Cancer | 25 | 8.7% | |
Mental disorders | 18 | 6.3% |
N% | ||
---|---|---|
PAM-13 level | Level 1 (disengaged and overwhelmed) | 67.6% |
Level 2 (becoming aware but still struggling) | 9.3% | |
Level 3 (taking action and gaining control) | 5.4% | |
Level 4 (maintaining behavior and pushing further) | 17.6% |
PAM-13 Score | HLS-EU16 Score | ||
---|---|---|---|
PAM-13 score | Pearson correlation | 1 | −0.030 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.602 | ||
N | 312 | 312 |
Biological Sex | Age | Comorbidity | Education Level | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAM-13 score | Correlation coefficient | pbs = −0.028 | r = 0.028 | pbs = −0.039 | ρ = 0.122 * |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.624 | 0.617 | 0.492 | 0.031 | |
N | 312 | 312 | 312 | 312 | |
HLS-EU16 score | Correlation coefficient | pbs = 0.007 | r = 0.060 | pbs = −0.002 | ρ = −0.075 |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.903 | 0.291 | 0.967 | 0.186 | |
N | 312 | 312 | 312 | 312 |
Education Level | PAM-13 Score | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spearman’s rho | PAM-13 score | Correlation Coefficient | 0.122 * | |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.031 | |||
N | 312 | |||
HLS-EU16 score | Correlation Coefficient | −0.075 | −0.061 | |
Sig. (2-tailed) | 0.186 | 0.279 | ||
N | 312 | 312 |
% | ||
---|---|---|
HLS-EU16 category | Inadequate HL | 25.3% |
Problematic HL | 34.9% | |
Sufficient HL | 39.7% |
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Tsichla, L.; Patelarou, E.; Detorakis, E.; Tsilibaris, M.; Patelarou, A.; Christodoulakis, A.; Dokoutsidou, E.; Giakoumidakis, K. Exploring the Health Literacy and Patient Activation Among Patients with Glaucoma: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clin. Pract. 2025, 15, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15020024
Tsichla L, Patelarou E, Detorakis E, Tsilibaris M, Patelarou A, Christodoulakis A, Dokoutsidou E, Giakoumidakis K. Exploring the Health Literacy and Patient Activation Among Patients with Glaucoma: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinics and Practice. 2025; 15(2):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15020024
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsichla, Lοukia, Evridiki Patelarou, Efstathios Detorakis, Miltiadis Tsilibaris, Athina Patelarou, Antonios Christodoulakis, Eleni Dokoutsidou, and Konstantinos Giakoumidakis. 2025. "Exploring the Health Literacy and Patient Activation Among Patients with Glaucoma: A Cross-Sectional Study" Clinics and Practice 15, no. 2: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15020024
APA StyleTsichla, L., Patelarou, E., Detorakis, E., Tsilibaris, M., Patelarou, A., Christodoulakis, A., Dokoutsidou, E., & Giakoumidakis, K. (2025). Exploring the Health Literacy and Patient Activation Among Patients with Glaucoma: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinics and Practice, 15(2), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15020024