Factors Associated with Unprotected Anal Sex among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | Frequency | Percent |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 18–30 | 80 | 56.3 |
31–40 | 41 | 28.9 | |
41–50 | 21 | 14.8 | |
Schooling | Primary and high school | 57 | 40.1 |
College degree and more | 85 | 59.9 | |
Civil status | Single | 115 | 81.0 |
Cohabiting | 27 | 19.0 | |
Main occupation | Student | 21 | 14.8 |
Employee | 105 | 73.9 | |
Both, student/employee | 9 | 6.4 | |
Unemployed | 7 | 4.8 | |
Religion | Catholic | 128 | 90.1 |
Christian non-Catholic | 14 | 9.9 | |
Type of household | Lives with parents/relatives | 77 | 54.2 |
Lives with a sex partner | 42 | 29.6 | |
Lives alone or with friends | 23 | 16.2 | |
Migratory situation in the municipality | Native to the place | 120 | 84.5 |
Migrant | 22 | 15.5 | |
Friends/acquaintances living with HIV | Yes | 83 | 58.5 |
No | 59 | 41.5 | |
Self-report of having been tested for HIV | Yes | 97 | 68.3 |
No | 45 | 31.7 | |
Total | 142 | 100.0 |
HIV Questions Asked | Correct Answers 2 | Cronbach’s α | |
---|---|---|---|
Percent (n) | 95% CI 3 | ||
An infected person can transmit HIV without knowing it | 57.7 (82) | 49.3–66.2 | 0.72 |
Sharing needles and syringes can infect HIV | 81.0 (115) | 74.6–86.6 | |
Using a condom can protect against the risk of contagion | 73.2 (104) | 65.5–80.3 | |
Reducing the number of partners prevents HIV risk | 58.5 (83) | 50.7–66.9 | |
Sharing dishes with a sick person can infect HIV | 70.4 (100) | 62.0–77.5 | |
Anal sex carries a high risk of HIV infection | 69.0 (98) | 60.6–76.8 | |
Patients with STIs are more vulnerable to HIV infection | 76.8 (109) | 69.0–83.1 |
Dimensions and Items | Presence of Stigma 2 | Croncbah’s α | |
---|---|---|---|
Percent (n) | 95% CI 3 | ||
Discrimination acts | 0.82 | ||
Denied work/employment access | 35.9 (51) | 27.5–43.7 | |
Denied access to public places | 34.5 (49) | 26.8–43.0 | |
Detained or jailed | 16.9 (24) | 11.3–23.2 | |
Denied registration in a school | 13.3 (19) | 7.7–19.0 | |
Denied participation in social organizations | 8.5 (12) | 4.2–13.4 | |
Denied access to health services | 4.9 (7) | 1.4–8.5 | |
Prejudices | |||
Rejected because you were considered a bad influence | 26.8 (38) | 19.0–33.8 | |
Friends/acquaintances distanced themselves from you | 24.6 (35) | 17.6–31.7 | |
Limited participation to religious events | 15.5 (22) | 9.9–21.8 | |
Expelled from home or residence place | 15.5 (22) | 9.9–21.8 | |
Stereotypes | |||
Rejected because homosexuality can be contagious | 21.8 (31) | 15.5–28.2 | |
Rejected because you might have HIV or a STI | 18.3 (26) | 12.0–23.9 | |
Rejected because you don’t deserve equal treatment | 17.6 (25) | 11.3–23.9 |
Variable | Category | Frequency | Percent |
---|---|---|---|
Transgender identity | Yes | 34 | 23.9 |
No | 108 | 76.1 | |
Level of social marginality 2 | High | 54 | 38.0 |
Medium/low | 88 | 62.0 | |
Sexual work experience within the last six months | Yes | 64 | 45.1 |
No | 78 | 54.9 | |
Survival sex experience within the last year | Yes | 96 | 67.6 |
No | 46 | 32.4 | |
Intimate partner violence within the last year | Yes | 66 | 64.5 |
No | 76 | 53.5 | |
Sexual abuse experience | Yes | 32 | 22.5 |
No | 110 | 77.5 | |
Imprisonment experience | Yes | 24 | 16.9 |
No | 118 | 83.1 |
Variables | Unprotected anal Sex n (%) | Odds Ratios (95% Confidence Intervals) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 102) | No (n = 40) | Univariate | Multivariate 1 | |
Syndemic of psychosocial stressors | ||||
No (0–2 events) | 45 (62.5) | 27 (37.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes (3–7 events) | 57 (81.4) | 13 (18.6) | 2.6 (1.22–5.67) * | 3.5 (1.25–10.0) * |
Experienced stigma (score) | ||||
No stigma (≤13) | 26 (70.3) | 11 (29.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Low (14–20) | 35 (72.9) | 13 (27.1) | 1.0 (0.43–2.69) | 1.2 (0.34–4.34) |
High (≥21) | 41 (71.9) | 16 (28.1) | 1.1 (0.44–2.94) | 5.9 (1.42–24.9) * |
Drug use related to sex intercourse | ||||
No | 47 (61.0) | 30 (39.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 55 (84.6) | 10 (15.4) | 3.5 (1.55–7.92) ** | 3.5 (1.85–6.48) *** |
HIV-related knowledge level | ||||
Low (1–5 correct answers) | 53 (77.9) | 15 (22.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High (6–7 correct answers) | 49 (66.2) | 25 (33.8) | 0.5 (0.26–1.17) | 0.4 (0.14–0.96) * |
Friends/acquaintances with HIV | ||||
No | 32 (54.2) | 27(45.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 70 (84.3) | 13(15.7) | 2.1 (1.43–3.11) *** | 2.8 (1.71–4.67) *** |
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Caballero-Hoyos, R.; Monárrez-Espino, J.; Ramírez-Ortíz, M.G.; Cárdenas-Medina, F.M. Factors Associated with Unprotected Anal Sex among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Mexico. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2022, 14, 547-557. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr14040058
Caballero-Hoyos R, Monárrez-Espino J, Ramírez-Ortíz MG, Cárdenas-Medina FM. Factors Associated with Unprotected Anal Sex among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Mexico. Infectious Disease Reports. 2022; 14(4):547-557. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr14040058
Chicago/Turabian StyleCaballero-Hoyos, Ramiro, Joel Monárrez-Espino, María Guadalupe Ramírez-Ortíz, and Francisco Martín Cárdenas-Medina. 2022. "Factors Associated with Unprotected Anal Sex among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Mexico" Infectious Disease Reports 14, no. 4: 547-557. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr14040058
APA StyleCaballero-Hoyos, R., Monárrez-Espino, J., Ramírez-Ortíz, M. G., & Cárdenas-Medina, F. M. (2022). Factors Associated with Unprotected Anal Sex among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Mexico. Infectious Disease Reports, 14(4), 547-557. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr14040058