Dual-Track Synergistic Regulation of Data and Algorithms in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: A Systematic Literature Review

Connected and Automated Electric Vehicles (CAEVs) are rapidly evolving into complex Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSS), generating structural tensions between technological innovation and public safety. Current research in public governance exhibits significant fragmentation. Scholars frequently isolate data privacy compliance from algorithmic safety auditing, treating them as distinct silos. To bridge this gap, this study applies the PRISMA framework to systematically synthesize 135 core peer-reviewed articles, exposing the endogenous limitations of unidimensional regulatory paradigms. Our analysis yields three central insights. First, traditional “notice-and-consent” models fail under the ubiquitous data collection demands of modern V2X environments. Macro-level policies must translate into foundational Privacy-Enhancing Technologies (PETs) through “Law-as-Code” mechanisms. Second, the opacity of end-to-end algorithmic decision-making deconstructs traditional tort liability systems. This necessitates ex-ante quantitative auditing mechanisms—such as Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) and enhanced Threat Analysis and Risk Assessment (TARA 2.0)—to mitigate adversarial attacks and physical-level safety hazards. Third, overcoming cross-national regulatory fragmentation requires constructing a “dual-track synergistic” governance architecture. This framework institutionalizes the coupling of data lifecycle quality workflows with the algorithmic Safety of the Intended Functionality (SOTIF). Ultimately, this review advocates for adaptive regulatory sandboxes and advances the harmonization and mutual recognition of global standards (e.g., ISO/SAE 21434, UN R155/156). Addressing current methodological and empirical data constraints, future academic inquiry must pivot. Researchers should target the value alignment challenges of Large Language Models (LLMs) in autonomous driving and implement multi-stakeholder participatory policy pilots designed to reconcile diverse social values.