Reuse of Retired Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) for Electric Vehicles (EVs) from the Perspective of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Development and Application of LIBs
2.1.1. Technology Dimension
2.1.2. Economic Dimension
2.2. Lithium Material Shortage and Reuse
2.3. CE
3. Disposal of Retired LIBs for EV
3.1. Current Situation of LIB Industry
3.1.1. Global LIB Industry
3.1.2. The LIB Industry in Taiwan
3.2. Use of EV LIBs Has Become Mainstream
3.3. Treatment of Retired Batteries for EVs
4. Reuse Strategies of Retired LIBs for EVs in Taiwan
4.1. Treatment of Retired LIBs for EVs in Taiwan
4.1.1. Legal Aspect
- The EV recycling system is not yet complete.
- 2.
- Whether the recycling industry can deal with retired LIBs is still unclear.
- 3.
- Lack of regulations regarding the quantity of LIBs that can be recycled.
- 4.
- Incomplete LIB storage regulations.
4.1.2. Technical Aspect
- There is no technical manual for the disassembly of an EV LIB.
- There are difficulties for users in removing LIBs themselves.
4.1.3. The Economic Aspect
- A.
- The feasibility of reusing retired LIBs is low.
- B.
- Increased input costs for the sector or industry that processes retired
4.2. Introduction of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
4.2.1. About EPR
4.2.2. EPR Is Part of Producer Responsibility
- EPR emphasizes the producer as having the leading role based on the producer being responsible for the recycling, reclamation, and disposal of their product at the end of its life to better reduce waste and encourage recycling.
- EPR not only is the responsibility of producers, but also emphasizes the sharing of responsibilities among different players in the product’s entire life chain, including consumers, sellers, recyclers, and the government.
- The EPR system is an extension of producer responsibility, and its extended responsibility should be limited to the post-consumer recovery, recycling, and final disposal stages.
- A.
- Regulatory instruments.
- B.
- Economic instruments.
- C.
- Informative instruments.
4.2.3. Introducing EPR to Improve the Current System
- A.
- Establishing an EV LIB recycling notification system.
- B.
- Revision of the current facility standard.
- C.
- Counseling traders who are not eligible for subsidies to join.
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
- A.
- Regulatory aspect.
- B.
- Technical aspect.
- C.
- Economic aspect.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rank | Indutry | Capacity |
---|---|---|
1 | Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Ltd. (CATL) | 87.8 GWh |
2 | LG Energy Solution | 63.5 GWh |
3 | Panasonic | 41.4 GWh |
4 | Build Your Dreams (BYD) | 24.2 GWh |
5 | Samsung SDI (serial digital interface) | 15.1 GWh |
6 | SK Innovation | 14.6 GWh |
7 | China Lithium Battery Technology Co., Ltd.(CALB) | 10.3 GWh |
8 | Guoxuan High-Tech Co., Ltd. | 6.8 GWh |
9 | Envision AESC (Automotive Energy Supply Corporation) | 3.5 GWh |
10 | Farasis Energy (Gan Zhou) Co., Ltd. | 2.1 GWh |
Year | Electric | Hybrid | Descriptions |
---|---|---|---|
2012 | 350 | 30,730 |
|
2013 | 504 | 48,055 | |
2014 | 598 | 65,100 | |
2015 | 664 | 73,396 | |
2016 | 733 | 82,070 | |
2017 | 1557 | 91,007 | |
2018 | 2363 | 100,027 | |
2019 | 5672 | 126,920 | |
2020 | 11,876 | 168,072 | |
2021 | 19,080 | 228,044 | |
2022 | 30,701 | 300,369 |
Year | Electric | Hybrid | Descriptions |
---|---|---|---|
2012 | 31,902 | 1 |
|
2013 | 38,373 | 2 | |
2014 | 42,315 | 6 | |
2015 | 52,010 | 0 | |
2016 | 71,846 | 0 | |
2017 | 114,013 | 0 | |
2018 | 194,633 | 0 | |
2019 | 359,934 | 9 | |
2020 | 455,764 | 27 | |
2021 | 546,438 | 32 | |
2022 | 621,580 | 38 |
Implementation | Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|---|
Collective recycling |
|
|
Individual recycling |
|
|
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Chuang, Y.-S.; Cheng, H.-P.; Cheng, C.-C. Reuse of Retired Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) for Electric Vehicles (EVs) from the Perspective of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in Taiwan. World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15, 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030105
Chuang Y-S, Cheng H-P, Cheng C-C. Reuse of Retired Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) for Electric Vehicles (EVs) from the Perspective of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in Taiwan. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2024; 15(3):105. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030105
Chicago/Turabian StyleChuang, Yu-Sen, Hong-Ping Cheng, and Chin-Chi Cheng. 2024. "Reuse of Retired Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) for Electric Vehicles (EVs) from the Perspective of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) in Taiwan" World Electric Vehicle Journal 15, no. 3: 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15030105