Regenerative Braking Strategy of Dual-Motor EV Considering Energy Recovery and Brake Stability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Model of a Dual-Motor EV Regenerative Braking System
2.1. Dual-Motor EV System Configuration
2.2. Motor Model
2.3. Power Battery Loss Model
2.4. Vehicle Braking Model
3. Regenerative Braking Strategy for Dual-Motor EV
3.1. Energy Recovery-Dominated Regenerative Braking Torque Distribution (RBD) Rule
3.2. Regenerative Braking Torque Optimisation Incorporating Energy Recovery and Braking Stability
- (1)
- Initialization
- (2)
- Calculation of the fitness
- (3)
- Evolutionary operations
4. Results Verification
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Components | Description |
---|---|
Transmission | Reduction ratios (i1, i2): 2.11/1.31 |
Final drive ratio (i0): 3.91 | |
Reduction ratio of the motor 2 end (im2): 1.72 | |
Motor | Type: Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) |
Maximum power: 55 kW (M1); 75 kW (M2) | |
Battery | Type: NiMH |
Voltage: 387 V | |
Capacity: 25 kW·h | |
Vehicle | Internal resistance: 0.015 Ω |
Vehicle mass: 1570 kg | |
Frontal area of vehicle: 1.26 m2; Aerodynamic drag: 0.35 | |
Tire rolling resistance coefficient: 0.018 | |
Drive wheel radius: 0.3 m |
Braking Intensity | Vehicle Speed [km/h] | Distribution Strategy | ε-RMS | Change Rate | Recovered Energy [KJ] | Change Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.2 | v = 60 | R-RBD | 0.482 | −2.7% | 30.43 | 8.3% |
GA-RBD | 0.469 | 32.96 | ||||
v = 75 | R-RBD | 0.473 | −3.8% | 34.63 | 10.2% | |
GA-RBD | 0.455 | 38.16 | ||||
v = 90 | R-RBD | 0.452 | −4.3% | 42.09 | 13.1% | |
GA-RBD | 0.433 | 47.60 | ||||
0.4 | v = 60 | R-RBD | 0.331 | −2.9% | 21.32 | 11.5% |
GA-RBD | 0.321 | 23.77 | ||||
v = 75 | R-RBD | 0.321 | −3.1% | 21.12 | 14.2% | |
GA-RBD | 0.311 | 24.12 | ||||
v = 90 | R-RBD | 0.311 | −3.4% | 19.71 | 18.1% | |
GA-RBD | 0.300 | 23.28 | ||||
0.6 | v = 60 | R-RBD | 0.150 | −4.6% | 8.29 | 13.5% |
GA-RBD | 0.143 | 9.08 | ||||
v = 75 | R-RBD | 0.140 | −5.0% | 11.01 | 16.2% | |
GA-RBD | 0.133 | 12.79 | ||||
v = 90 | R-RBD | 0.128 | −5.4% | 13.71 | 20.2% | |
GA-RBD | 0.121 | 16.48 |
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Wu, T.; Wang, F.; Ye, P. Regenerative Braking Strategy of Dual-Motor EV Considering Energy Recovery and Brake Stability. World Electr. Veh. J. 2023, 14, 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14010019
Wu T, Wang F, Ye P. Regenerative Braking Strategy of Dual-Motor EV Considering Energy Recovery and Brake Stability. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2023; 14(1):19. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14010019
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Tonglie, Feng Wang, and Peng Ye. 2023. "Regenerative Braking Strategy of Dual-Motor EV Considering Energy Recovery and Brake Stability" World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, no. 1: 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj14010019