A Study to Investigate What Tempts Consumers to Adopt Electric Vehicles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Electric Vehicle Adoption
2.2. Financial Incentives
2.3. Charging Infrastructure
2.4. Social Reinforcement
2.5. Environmental Concern
2.6. Price
2.7. Hypotheses Development and Research Model
- There is a significant association between financial incentive and electric vehicle adoption.
- There is a significant association between charging infrastructure and electric vehicle adoption.
- There is a significant association between social reinforcement and electric vehicle adoption.
- There is significant association between environmental concern and electric vehicle adoption.
- There is a significant association between price and electric vehicle adoption.
3. Research Methodology
4. Results of Data Analysis
4.1. Exploratory Factor Analysis
4.2. Construct Reliability and Validity
4.3. Discriminant Validity
4.4. Model Fit
4.5. Structural Model
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Questionnaire for the Study
SN | Questions | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Strongly Agree |
Financial Incentives | ||||||
1 | I know a lot about the government policy of electric vehicles. | |||||
2 | I am with the financial incentives provided to buy electric vehicles. | |||||
3 | The financial incentives of the Indian Government are a positive influence to develop electric vehicles. | |||||
4 | I think the government financial incentives of Electric Vehicles are easy to understand. | |||||
5 | Government policies make me think that electric vehicles are the trend in the future. | |||||
Charging Infrastructure | ||||||
6 | I have the possibility/room to install a charging station at home. | |||||
7 | I can charge my car at my workplace. | |||||
8 | There are enough charging stations in my neighborhood. | |||||
9 | I am satisfied with current situation of public charging-points in India. | |||||
Social Reinforcement | ||||||
10 | Other people are positively impressed that I drive electric vehicle. | |||||
11 | Driving an electric vehicle improves my image in society. | |||||
12 | I feel proud when I am driving an electric vehicle. | |||||
13 | I am perceived as a rich person when I am driving an electric vehicle. | |||||
14 | I am perceived as fashion person when I am driving an electric vehicle. | |||||
Environment Concern | ||||||
15 | I think that electric vehicles are helpful for environmental protection. | |||||
16 | I have strong environmental awareness. | |||||
17 | I am willing to pay more to buy environmentally friendly products. | |||||
18 | Driving electric vehicles can reduce current environment pollution. | |||||
Price | ||||||
19 | I can afford an electric vehicle. | |||||
20 | I think the price of electric vehicles are affordable. | |||||
21 | The price of electric vehicles are higher than a conventional vehicle. | |||||
Willing to Buy/Adoption | ||||||
22 | I am willing to buy an electric vehicle. | |||||
23 | I have a plan to buy electric vehicle in the coming years. | |||||
24 | I prefer to buy an electric vehicle as compared to a conventional vehicle. |
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Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Male | 238 | 65.0 |
Female | 128 | 35.0 |
Age | ||
18–30 | 138 | 37.7 |
31–40 | 118 | 32.2 |
41–50 | 86 | 23.5 |
51–60 | 24 | 6.6 |
Marital Status | ||
Single | 229 | 62.6 |
Married | 137 | 37.4 |
Income | ||
Less than 3 Lakh | 205 | 56.0 |
3–5 Lakh | 86 | 23.5 |
5–10 Lakh | 32 | 8.7 |
More than 10 Lakh | 43 | 11.7 |
Qualification | ||
Under Graduate | 16 | 4.4 |
Graduate | 93 | 25.4 |
Post Graduate | 205 | 56.0 |
Any other | 52 | 14.2 |
Experience | ||
Less than 5 Years | 147 | 40.2 |
5–10 Years | 106 | 29.0 |
10–15 Years | 78 | 21.3 |
15–20 Years | 35 | 9.6 |
Data Sphericity Tests | Parameters | Values |
---|---|---|
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy | 0.681 | |
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity | Approx. Chi-Square | 2486.17 |
df | 231 | |
Sig. | 0.000 |
Constructs | Item Code | Loading | AVE | CR |
---|---|---|---|---|
Financial Incentive | FI1 | 0.628 | 0.54 | 0.748 |
FI2 | 0.818 | |||
FI3 | 0.770 | |||
FI4 | 0.706 | |||
Charging Infrastructure | CI1 | 0.846 | 0.52 | 0.668 |
CI2 | 0.741 | |||
CI3 | 0.552 | |||
Social Reinforcement | SR1 | 0.813 | 0.59 | 0.737 |
SR2 | 0.839 | |||
SR3 | 0.647 | |||
SR4 | 0.748 | |||
Environmental Concern | EC1 | 0.828 | 0.63 | 0.806 |
EC2 | 0.845 | |||
EC3 | 0.722 | |||
EC4 | 0.772 | |||
Price | PR1 | 0.748 | 0.66 | 0.766 |
PR2 | 0.800 | |||
PR3 | 0.887 | |||
Electric Vehicle Adoption | EVA1 | 0.681 | 0.53 | 0.593 |
EVA2 | 0.767 | |||
EVA3 | 0.732 |
FI | CI | SR | EC | PR | EVA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Financial Incentive (FI) | 0.29 | |||||
Charging Infrastructure (CI) | 1.000 ** | 0.27 | ||||
Social Reinforcement (SR) | 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.35 | |||
Environmental Concern (EC) | 0.067 | 0.067 | −0.092 | 0.4 | ||
Price (PR) | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.073 | −0.006 | 0.44 | |
Electric Vehicle Adoption (EVA) | 0.042 | 0.042 | 0.050 | −0.059 | 0.272 ** | 0.28 |
Fit Indices | Recommended Values | Observed Values | Result |
---|---|---|---|
CMIN/df | Less than 5 | 2.631 | Acceptable |
CFI (Comparative Fit Index) | 0.8–0.9 | 0.874 | Acceptable |
GFI (Goodness of Fit Index) | ≥0.9 | 0.9 | Acceptable |
AGFI (Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index) | ≥0.80 | 0.866 | Acceptable |
PNFI (Parsimonious Normal Fit) | >0.5 | 0.663 | Acceptable |
RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) | Less than 0.08 | 0.067 | Acceptable |
Hypotheses | Path | Estimate | S. E. | C. R. | p | Status | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H1 | EVA | ← | EC | −0.034 | 0.046 | −0.746 | 0.456 | Rejected |
H2 | EVA | ← | SR | 0.017 | 0.087 | 0.191 | 0.848 | Rejected |
H3 | EVA | ← | FI | −0.029 | 0.109 | −0.268 | 0.788 | Rejected |
H4 | EVA | ← | CI | 0.089 | 0.081 | 1.105 | 0.269 | Rejected |
H5 | EVA | ← | Price | 0.64 | 0.097 | 6.572 | *** | Accepted |
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Ali, I.; Naushad, M. A Study to Investigate What Tempts Consumers to Adopt Electric Vehicles. World Electr. Veh. J. 2022, 13, 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13020026
Ali I, Naushad M. A Study to Investigate What Tempts Consumers to Adopt Electric Vehicles. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2022; 13(2):26. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13020026
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Imran, and Mohammad Naushad. 2022. "A Study to Investigate What Tempts Consumers to Adopt Electric Vehicles" World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 2: 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13020026