3D Printing Technologies in Personalized Medicine, Nanomedicines, and Biopharmaceuticals
Abstract
:1. Personalised Medicine
2. 3D Printing of Medicines
2.1. What Applications Can 3D Printing Have for Healthcare Professionals?
2.2. Which Technical Considerations Should Be Born in Mind before 3D-Printing Personalized Medicines?
2.3. What Are the Great Challenges to Bringing This Technology to Clinical Practice?
2.4. What Are the Differences between Conventional Drug Manufacturing and 3D Printing?
2.5. How the Pharmaceutical Ink Can Be Manufactured for 3D Printing?
3. Implementation of 3D Printing in Personalized Solid, Topical, Parenteral Dosage Forms and Medical Devices
3.1. Solid Dosage Forms
3.2. 3D-Printed Medical Devices
3.3. 3D-Printed Implants
3.4. Semisolid and Locally Applied Drugs
4. Implementation of 3D Printing in Personalised Biopharmaceuticals
5. Implementation of 3D Printing in Personalised Nanomedicines
5.1. 3D Printed Nanomedicines
5.2. Conventional Batch-to-Batch Approach versus Continuous Manufacturing Using Microfluidics Chips
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Printing Technique | Type | Key Parameters | Advantages | Challenges | Type of Medicines |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nozzle-based deposition | FDM | Temperature of extrusion Layer height Speed of printing Filament composition and diameter Tg composite | High mechanical strength Availability of pharmaceutical-grade excipients | A suitable filament is required for printingHigh temperatures are usually necessary Thermolabile drugs | Solid dosage forms (easier to obtain sustained-release tablets rather than immediate-release ones) Parenteral implants |
DPE | Temperature of extrusion Layer height Speed of printing Powder mixture | High mechanical strength Availability of pharmaceutical-grade excipients No need for filament prefabrication | High temperature of extrusion Lack of homogeneity during the process Thermolabile drugs | Solid dosage forms (easier to obtain sustained-release tablets rather than immediate-release ones) Parenteral implants | |
PAM | Viscosity of the material Speed of printing Layer height Composition of the ink | No need for high temperature High cell biocompatibility | Solvent removal in the postprinting step Poor mechanical strength | Tissue engineering Solid dosage forms | |
Laser-based writing | SLA | Laser power intensity Time of exposure Type of resin UV wavelength | High resolution No need for high temperature | Toxicity of the resin Postprinting step necessary to remove unsolidified resin UV-sensitive drugs | Dentistry Microfluidic chip fabrication |
SLS | Laser power intensity Time of exposure Type of powder mixture | High resolution No need for solvent | Risk of degradation by laser exposure Excessive waste of powder mixture | Solid dosage forms |
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Serrano, D.R.; Kara, A.; Yuste, I.; Luciano, F.C.; Ongoren, B.; Anaya, B.J.; Molina, G.; Diez, L.; Ramirez, B.I.; Ramirez, I.O.; et al. 3D Printing Technologies in Personalized Medicine, Nanomedicines, and Biopharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutics 2023, 15, 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020313
Serrano DR, Kara A, Yuste I, Luciano FC, Ongoren B, Anaya BJ, Molina G, Diez L, Ramirez BI, Ramirez IO, et al. 3D Printing Technologies in Personalized Medicine, Nanomedicines, and Biopharmaceuticals. Pharmaceutics. 2023; 15(2):313. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020313
Chicago/Turabian StyleSerrano, Dolores R., Aytug Kara, Iván Yuste, Francis C. Luciano, Baris Ongoren, Brayan J. Anaya, Gracia Molina, Laura Diez, Bianca I. Ramirez, Irving O. Ramirez, and et al. 2023. "3D Printing Technologies in Personalized Medicine, Nanomedicines, and Biopharmaceuticals" Pharmaceutics 15, no. 2: 313. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15020313