l-Arginine Induces White Adipose Tissue Browning—A New Pharmaceutical Alternative to Cold
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Study
2.2. Biochemistry/ELISA Assays
2.3. Isolation of Mature Adipocytes
2.4. NO Production
2.5. H&E Staining
2.6. Immunohistochemistry of UCP1
2.7. RT-PCR/Gene Expression Analysis
2.8. Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number (MCN)
2.9. Western Blot/Protein Expression Analysis
2.10. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Cold Exposure-Induced Browning Is Associated with Endogenous NO Synthesis; l-Arginine Increases NO Synthesis in rpWAT to a Similar Extent
3.2. Effects of l-Arginine Treatment on Circulatory Parameters and Adipokines Levels
3.3. Slimming Effects of l-Arginine Are Associated with Diminution of rpWAT Depot Mass
3.4. Net Lipid Mobilization Effect of l-Arginine Is Associated with Increased Lipolysis
3.5. l-Arginine Elicits an Increase in Expression of PGC-1α, NRF1, PPARα, and Their Downstream Mitochondrial Targets in rpWAT
3.6. UCP1 Protein Expression Level Increases upon l-Arginine Treatment and Over-Exceeds Cold-Induced Effects
3.7. l-Arginine Elicits the Expression of Genetic Markers of Beige Adipocytes
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control | l-Arginine | |
---|---|---|
Glucose (mmol L−1) | 5.8 ± 0.5 | 6.0 ± 0.4 |
Total cholesterol (mmol L−1) | 1.63 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 * |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol L−1) | 0.51 ± 0.04 | 0.61 ± 0.06 * |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol L−1) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 * |
Triglyceride (mmol L−1) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.1 |
LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol | 0.7 ± 0.07 | 0.7 ± 0.02 |
Total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 2.3 ± 0.1 |
TG/HDL-cholesterol | 0.97 ± 0.2 | 0.98 ± 0.03 |
Leptin (pg mL−1) | 985.7 ± 90.0 | 664.8 ± 56.4 *** |
Adiponectin (ng mL−1) | 93.9 ± 1.9 | 88.9 ± 8.3 |
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Kalezic, A.; Korac, A.; Korac, B.; Jankovic, A. l-Arginine Induces White Adipose Tissue Browning—A New Pharmaceutical Alternative to Cold. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071368
Kalezic A, Korac A, Korac B, Jankovic A. l-Arginine Induces White Adipose Tissue Browning—A New Pharmaceutical Alternative to Cold. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(7):1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071368
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalezic, Andjelika, Aleksandra Korac, Bato Korac, and Aleksandra Jankovic. 2022. "l-Arginine Induces White Adipose Tissue Browning—A New Pharmaceutical Alternative to Cold" Pharmaceutics 14, no. 7: 1368. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071368