Drugs for the Quorum Sensing Inhibition of Oral Biofilm: New Frontiers and Insights in the Treatment of Periodontitis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Quorum Sensing Signaling in Microbial Biofilm
4. Quorum Sensing in the Transition from Eubiotic to Dysbiotic Oral Biofilm
5. Antimicrobial Drugs Used for the Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Disease
6. Quorum Sensing Inhibition Strategies
- Lactonases, by hydrolyzing the ester bond of the lactone ring, cause the consequent degradation of AHLs [107]. Several classes of lactonases have been identified in a large variety, both in bacteria but also in archaea and eukaryotes; some of these prefer AHLs with long acyl chains (e.g., the phosphotriesterase-like lactonases (PLLs) and the paraoxonases (PONs)), while others present a wider spectrum of action (e.g., the metal-β-lactamase-like lactonases (MLLs) and the α/β hydrolase fold lactonases). These lactonases were selected as a model for engineering so that they could be modified to confer enhanced AHL lactonase activity [101];
- Acylases are the other class of QQ enzymes and hydrolyse the amide bond of AHL. In particular, a QQ acylase is represented by PvdQ, which, thanks to its hydrophobic binding pocket, has specificity for long-chain AHLs, and thanks to a targeted engineering approach has changed the range of action also toward shorter AHLs [108,109];
- Oxidoreductases do not degrade the AHL but modify its activity, leading to the inability to bind to the respective receptor [110].
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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System | Molecules | Bacteria Type | Oral Bacteria Species | Mechanism |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) | LuxR and LuxI | Gram-negative | Lack of consistent evidence [57] | Species-specific |
Acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) | LuxM and LuxN | Gram-negative | Lack of consistent evidence [57] | Species-specific |
Small peptides (AIP) | Small peptides | Gram-positive | S. mutans [40,41,42] | Species-specific |
Furanosyl borate diester (AI-2) | LuxPQ and LuxS | Gram-negative Gram-positive | F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, P.gingivalis, T. denticola, A.a, S. mutans, S. gordonii [50,51,52,53] | Inter-species |
QS Inhibitor | Mechanism of Action | Refs. |
---|---|---|
Synthetic analogues of AHL | Inhibition of a well-organized biofilm formation against P.gingivalis | [106] |
Lactonases | Degradation of AHLs (hydrolysis of the ester bond of the lactone ring) | [107] |
Acylases | Degradation of AHLs (hydrolysis of the amide bond) | [108] |
Oxidoreductases | Inhibition of receptor binding (modification of AHL action) | [110] |
Coumarin | Inhibition of the formation of P.gingivalis biofilm | [112] |
Green tea extracts | Inhibition of P. gingivalis biofilm growth and adhesion | [112] |
Umbelliferone derivatives | Moderate antibiofilm potential against clinical strains contained in the dental plaque of diabetic patients with periodontitis | [114] |
Halogenated furanones | Increased turnover rate of the LuxR receptor (structural resemblance to AHLs) | [116,117] |
Brominated bicyclic synthetic furanones | Reduction in biofilm biomass and thickness against P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum and T. forsythia | [118,119] |
Brominated furanone and D-ribose | Reduction in P. gingivalis levels and bone loss | [120] |
D-galactose | Reduction of P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum and T. forsythia biofilms formation and inhibition of the interaction of A. a. s serotypes b and f with F. nucleatum | [66,121] |
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) | Inhibition of biofilm formation of S. gordonii | [130] |
Baicalein | Inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation | [133] |
CHX with fluoride and trans-cinnamaldehyde | Inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation | [134] |
Organosulfur compounds and S-Aryl-L-cysteine sulfoxides | Potential reduction in biofilm formation on S. mutans UA159, S. sanguis 10556, Actinomyces oris MG1 and inhibition of QS on V. harveyi | [137] |
D-arabinose | Inhibition of biofilm formation of S. oralis, F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis (inhibitor of AI-2) | [143] |
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Polizzi, A.; Donzella, M.; Nicolosi, G.; Santonocito, S.; Pesce, P.; Isola, G. Drugs for the Quorum Sensing Inhibition of Oral Biofilm: New Frontiers and Insights in the Treatment of Periodontitis. Pharmaceutics 2022, 14, 2740. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122740
Polizzi A, Donzella M, Nicolosi G, Santonocito S, Pesce P, Isola G. Drugs for the Quorum Sensing Inhibition of Oral Biofilm: New Frontiers and Insights in the Treatment of Periodontitis. Pharmaceutics. 2022; 14(12):2740. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122740
Chicago/Turabian StylePolizzi, Alessandro, Martina Donzella, Giada Nicolosi, Simona Santonocito, Paolo Pesce, and Gaetano Isola. 2022. "Drugs for the Quorum Sensing Inhibition of Oral Biofilm: New Frontiers and Insights in the Treatment of Periodontitis" Pharmaceutics 14, no. 12: 2740. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14122740