Investigation of Fugitive Aerosols Released into the Environment during High-Flow Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. HFNT Circuit and Interfaces
2.2. Inhaled Dose
2.3. Anatomical Models
2.4. Characterising Fugitive Emissions
2.5. Temperature, Humidity and Airflow Characteristics
2.6. Data Analysis and Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Inhaled Dose
3.2. Peak Aerosol Concentrations
3.3. Time-Weighted Averaged Aerosol Concentrations
3.4. Aerosol Droplet Sizing
3.5. Potential Inhalation Exposure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Breathing Pattern/Gas-Flow Rate | % Inhaled Dose | |
---|---|---|
Nasal Cannula | Tracheostomy | |
Paediatric/2 L/min | 3.23 ± 1.58 | N/A |
Paediatric/10 L/min | 0.42 ± 0.06 | 16.77 ± 0.26 |
Paediatric/20 L/min | 1.17 ± 0.28 | 10.65 ± 2.54 |
Adult/10 L/min | 5.35 ± 2.81 | 6.39 ± 1.58 |
Adult/40 L/min | 2.56 ± 1.38 | 1.49 ± 0.30 |
Adult/60 L/min | 1.01 ± 0.26 | 1.36 ± 0.14 |
Breathing Pattern/Gas-Flow Rate | Peak Aerosol Concentration (mg m−3) | |
---|---|---|
Nasal Cannula | Tracheostomy | |
Paediatric/2 L/min | 0.081 ± 0.016 | N/A |
Paediatric/10 L/min | 0.025 ± 0.008 | 1.353 ± 0.212 |
Paediatric/20 L/min | 0.017 ± 0.006 | 1.241 ± 0.160 |
Adult/10 L/min | 0.636 ± 0.067 | 0.730 ± 0.073 |
Adult/40 L/min | 0.196 ± 0.049 | 0.278 ± 0.013 |
Adult/60 L/min | 0.090 ± 0.004 | 0.188 ± 0.039 |
Breathing Pattern/Gas-Flow Rate | Average Mass Concentration (mg·m−3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Measurements at the Distance of 0.8 m | Measurements at the Distance of 2.2 m | |||
Nasal Cannula | Tracheostomy | Nasal Cannula | Tracheostomy | |
Paediatric/2 L/min | 0.037 ± 0.005 | N/A | 0.027 ± 0.008 | N/A |
Paediatric/10 L/min | 0.009 ± 0.001 | 0.334 ± 0.028 | 0.008 ± 0.002 | 0.211 ± 0.008 |
Paediatric/20 L/min | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.370 ± 0.046 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.210 ± 0.040 |
Adult/10 L/min | 0.302 ± 0.027 | 0.290 ± 0.027 | 0.277 ± 0.050 | 0.236 ± 0.124 |
Adult/40 L/min | 0.093 ± 0.006 | 0.138 ± 0.005 | 0.109 ± 0.026 | 0.176 ± 0.039 |
Adult/60 L/min | 0.050 ± 0.003 | 0.101 ± 0.011 | 0.061 ± 0.042 | 0.127 ± 0.030 |
Breathing Pattern/Gas-Flow Rate | Average MMAD (µm) | |
---|---|---|
Nasal Cannula | Tracheostomy | |
Paediatric/2 L/min | 1.331 ± 0.043 | N/A |
Paediatric/10 L/min | 2.070 ± 0.531 | 1.784 ± 0.033 |
Paediatric/20 L/min | 3.200 ± 0.532 | 1.577 ± 0.134 |
Adult/10 L/min | 1.722 ± 0.216 | 1.793 ± 0.111 |
Adult/40 L/min | 1.259 ± 0.197 | 1.248 ± 0.131 |
Adult/60 L/min | 1.350 ± 0.034 | 1.300 ± 0.023 |
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McGrath, J.A.; O’Toole, C.; Bennett, G.; Joyce, M.; Byrne, M.A.; MacLoughlin, R. Investigation of Fugitive Aerosols Released into the Environment during High-Flow Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2019, 11, 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11060254
McGrath JA, O’Toole C, Bennett G, Joyce M, Byrne MA, MacLoughlin R. Investigation of Fugitive Aerosols Released into the Environment during High-Flow Therapy. Pharmaceutics. 2019; 11(6):254. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11060254
Chicago/Turabian StyleMcGrath, James A., Ciarraí O’Toole, Gavin Bennett, Mary Joyce, Miriam A. Byrne, and Ronan MacLoughlin. 2019. "Investigation of Fugitive Aerosols Released into the Environment during High-Flow Therapy" Pharmaceutics 11, no. 6: 254. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11060254