Preparation and Evaluation of Atorvastatin-Loaded Nanoemulgel on Wound-Healing Efficacy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Topical ATR Formulations
2.2.1. Preparation of Gel
2.2.2. Preparation of Emulgel
2.2.3. Preparation of Nanoemulgel
2.3. Physical Examination
2.3.1. Spreadability Test
2.3.2. Rheological Studies
2.3.3. Particle Characterization
2.4. In Vitro Drug Release Study
- a.
- Zero order model Q = Q0 + kt;
- b.
- First order model Q = Q0 × ekt;
- c.
- Higuchi model Q = k × t0.5;
- d.
- Korsmeyer-Peppas model Q = k × tn;
2.5. Preliminary Stability Testing
2.6. Ex Vivo Evaluation of ATR Release (Permeation Study)
2.6.1. Preparation of Rat Skin
2.6.2. Permeation of ATR from Different Formulations
- SSTF = amount of permeated drug/(area × time);
- ER = SSTF from test/SSTF from control.
2.7. In Vivo Evaluation of Wound Healing Efficiency
2.7.1. Experimental Design
2.7.2. Quantification of Wound Area
2.8. Skin Irritation Studies
2.9. Histologic Evaluations
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physical Examination
3.2. In Vitro Release of the Drug
3.3. Stability Study of ATR-Loaded Formulations
3.4. Ex Vivo Study (Permeation Study)
3.5. In Vivo Wound Healing Efficiency
3.6. Skin Irritation Testing
3.7. Histopathological Assessment
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Formulation | Atorvastatin (% w/w) | Carboxymethyl Cellulose (% w/w) | Liquid Paraffin (mL) | Tween 80 (mL) | Propylene Glycol (mL) | Water Up To (mL) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gel | 2.5 | 1 | - | - | - | 50 |
Emulgel | 2.5 | 1 | 12.5 | 1 | 1 | 50 |
Nanoemulgel | 2.5 | 1 | 12.5 | 1 | 1 | 50 |
Properties | ATR Gel | ATR Emulgel | ATR Nanoemulgel | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Color | Fresh | White, Opaque | White, Opaque | White, Opaque |
Stored | White, Opaque | White, Opaque | White, Opaque | |
Homogeneity | Fresh | Homogenous | Homogenous | Homogenous |
Stored | Homogenous | Homogenous | Homogenous | |
Spreadability (mm) | Fresh | 66 ± 0.88 | 54 ± 0.95 a | 51 ± 0.66 a |
Stored | 61 ± 0.60 | 52 ± 0.55 a | 49 ± 0.25 a | |
Viscosity (cp) | Fresh | 58,500 ± 450 | 97,250 ± 1150 a | 85,900 ± 2050 a,b |
Stored | 61,350 ± 850 | 101,550 ± 2250 a | 97,500 ± 3150 a,b |
Mathematical Models | ATR Gel | ATR Emulgel | ATR Nanoemulgel |
---|---|---|---|
Zero order | 0.943 | 0.989 | 0.979 |
First order | 0.879 | 0.901 | 0.906 |
Higuchi | 0.983 | 0.994 | 0.995 |
Korsmeyer-Peppas | 0.975 | 0.988 | 0.989 |
Time | ATR Sol | ATR Gel | ATR Emulgel | ATR Nanoemulgel |
---|---|---|---|---|
SSTF (µg/cm2·h) | 34.39 ± 1.18 | 51.89 ± 1.71 a | 76.11 ± 3.47 a,b | 95.39 ± 1.55 a,b,c |
Lag time (min) | 24.59 ± 5.48 | 21.08 ± 4.53 | 6.94 ± 1.77 a,b | 3.31 ± 1.33 a,b |
ER (folds) | 1.00 | 1.55 a | 2.45 a,b | 2.92 a,b,c |
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Morsy, M.A.; Abdel-Latif, R.G.; Nair, A.B.; Venugopala, K.N.; Ahmed, A.F.; Elsewedy, H.S.; Shehata, T.M. Preparation and Evaluation of Atorvastatin-Loaded Nanoemulgel on Wound-Healing Efficacy. Pharmaceutics 2019, 11, 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110609
Morsy MA, Abdel-Latif RG, Nair AB, Venugopala KN, Ahmed AF, Elsewedy HS, Shehata TM. Preparation and Evaluation of Atorvastatin-Loaded Nanoemulgel on Wound-Healing Efficacy. Pharmaceutics. 2019; 11(11):609. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110609
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorsy, Mohamed A., Rania G. Abdel-Latif, Anroop B. Nair, Katharigatta N. Venugopala, Amira F. Ahmed, Heba S. Elsewedy, and Tamer M. Shehata. 2019. "Preparation and Evaluation of Atorvastatin-Loaded Nanoemulgel on Wound-Healing Efficacy" Pharmaceutics 11, no. 11: 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110609
APA StyleMorsy, M. A., Abdel-Latif, R. G., Nair, A. B., Venugopala, K. N., Ahmed, A. F., Elsewedy, H. S., & Shehata, T. M. (2019). Preparation and Evaluation of Atorvastatin-Loaded Nanoemulgel on Wound-Healing Efficacy. Pharmaceutics, 11(11), 609. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110609