Synthesis, Characterization, and Three-Dimensional Structure Generation of Zinc Oxide-Based Nanomedicine for Biomedical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Synthesis Techniques for ZnO NPs
2.1. Conventional Methods
2.1.1. Physical Methods
2.1.2. Chemical Methods
2.1.3. Biological Methods
2.2. Non-Conventional Method: Microfluidic Reactor-Based Synthesis
3. Physicochemical Characterization and Tools
3.1. Appearance, Crystallinity, Particle Size, Morphology, and Porosity
3.2. Characterization Tools
3.2.1. X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
3.2.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.2.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
3.2.4. Brunauer–Emmett-Teller (BET) Analysis
4. Three-Dimensional Structure Generation by Nanofabrication
4.1. Three-Dimensional Network Structure with Multilevel Porosity
4.2. Nanofabrication Techniques
4.2.1. Conventional Methods of Nanofabrication
4.2.2. Non-Conventional Methods of Nanofabrication
Biotemplating
Nanofabrication via Self-Assembly
5. Biomedical Applications
5.1. Anticancer Activity
5.2. Antidiabetic Activity
5.3. Antimicrobial Activity
5.4. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
5.5. Wound Healing
5.6. Imaging Agents
5.7. Sensors
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Applications | References |
---|---|---|
Pharmaceuticals |
| [20] |
Cosmetics—hair and skin care products |
| [20,21] |
Medical devices |
| [22] |
Synthesis Technique | Advantages | Disadvantages | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical methods |
|
|
| [9,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67] |
Chemical methods |
|
|
| [9,35,55,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76] |
Biological methods (green synthesis) |
|
|
| [9,52,56,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97] |
Microfluidic reactor-based methods |
|
|
| [98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107] |
Physicochemical Characteristics | Analysis Techniques |
---|---|
Agglomeration/aggregation | SEM (++), TEM (++), SPM (++), MALS (+), SAXS (+/−), SMPS (++) |
Composition | Neutron/electron scattering (+), XRD (+), ICP-MS/OES (++), SP ICP-MS (++), EDS (+), NMR (++), XRF (++), SIMS (+), EELS (+), TOF-MS/ATOF-MS (++), FTIR/RS (++), UV–Vis (+), AES (+/−) |
Crystalline phase | SEM (+), TEM (+), Neutron/electron scattering (++), XRD (++), FTIR/RS (+; RS), TGA/DSC (+) |
Dustiness | SD/VS (+) |
Solubility | DLS/PCS/QELS (++), MALS (++) |
Dispersibility | DLS/PCS/QELS (++), MALS (++) |
Stability | DLS/PCS/QELS (++), MALS (++), ELS (++), TGA/DSC (++) |
Particle size/size distribution | SEM (++), TEM (++), SPM (++), DLS/PCS/QELS (++), MALS (++), SAXS (+), XRD (+; volume weighted primary crystals), SP ICP-MS (++), TOF-MS/ATOF-MS (+; coupled with FFF), FTIR/RS (+; RS), UV–Vis (+; for plasmonic materials), CHDF (++), FFF/A4F/FlFFF (++), BET (+/−), CLS (++), SMPS (++) |
Shape | SEM (++), TEM (++), SPM (++) |
Specific surface area | TEM (+; electron tomography), SAXS (+/−), BET (++) |
Surface chemistry | ICP-MS/OES (+/−), EDS (+), NMR (+), XPS (++), SIMS (++), EELS (++), TOF-MS/ATOF-MS (++), FTIR/RS (+), AES (++), TGA/DSC (++) |
Surface charge/zeta potential | SPM (+/−), DLS/PCS/QELS (+), ELS (++) |
Porosity | BET (++), Mercury intrusion (++) |
Biomedical Application | Morphology/Structure | Test System | References |
---|---|---|---|
Anticancer activity | [1,2,5] | ||
Paclitaxel or cisplatin-ZnO | Photo-stimulated paclitaxel or cisplatin-ZnO NPs under UV-A irradiation | HNSCC cells | [161] |
VP-16-Fe3O4@ZnO:Er3+,Yb3+@β-CD | VP-16 released from Fe3O4@ZnO:Er3+,Yb3+@β-CD NPs after microwave-triggering | MCF-7 cells | [162] |
Doxorubicin-ZnO | Starch-stabilized ZnO NPs | MCF-7 cells | [163] |
Daunorubicin-ZnO | Multilamellar liposomes with hexagonal ZnO NP cores | A549 (non-small cell lung carcinoma) cells | [164] |
Aminopolysiloxane-capped ZnO NPs | K562 (sensitive leukemia) and K562/A02 (resistant leukemia) cells | [28] | |
Antidiabetic activity | [165,166,167] | ||
Vildagliptin + ZnO | Hexagonal ZnO NPs (mixed shape,~20 nm) | Rats, type 2 diabetes | [165] |
ZnO | Hexagonal ZnO NPs (spherical shape, 10–15 nm) | Rats, type 1 and 2 diabetes | [166] |
Antimicrobial activity | [6,34] | ||
ZnO | Self-assembled ZnO NP network structure on Si wafer under dual UV irradiation (ZnO 0.05 mg/mL, UV 10 sec, 5 or 120 min incubation) | E. coli | [13] |
ZnO | Hexagonal ZnO NPs with/without dual UV irradiation (~100 nm, ZnO 1.0 mg/mL, UV 30 sec, 30 min incubation) | Escherichia coli, M13 bacteriophages | [116] |
Gentamicin + ZnO | Mesoporous ZnO structures on Si substrates (guest-host structures) | In vitro release for 7 days | [121] |
Anti-inflammatory activity | [168,169] | ||
ZnO (74% Lyocell fiber, 19% Smart Cell sensitive fiber, and 7% spandex) | ZnO-functionalized textile (Benevit Zink+) | Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae (for atopic dermatitis patients) | [10] |
ZnO–TiO2 | ZnO NP-embedded TiO2 nanotubes | Macrophage-like RAW 264.7 (murine leukemic monocyte) cells, S. aureus | [170] |
Magnesium/epoxy resin-ZnO/poly-capro- lactone-ibuprofen | Multifunctional microstructure (coating) | In vitro release | [171] |
Wound healing | [172,173,174,175] | ||
ZnO | ZnO NPs (antimicrobial tissue adhesive, 71.1 nm) | Skin wound closure (E. coli and adhesion test) | [176] |
Alginate/ZnO | Alginate/nano-ZnO composite bandages | Infected wounds (S. aureus and E. coli) | [177] |
ZnO | ZnO NPs (boiling method-based synthesis) | Wound dressing (adipocyte-derived stem cell proliferation) | [178] |
ZnO | Topical ZnO formulations (Increased local Zn and basal cell metallothionein in wound margins for accelerated wound healing) | Wound dressing (surgical wound model in Sprague-Dawley rat) | [179] |
Cod liver oil/ZnO | Zincojecol (ointment containing cod liver oil and ZnO) | Wound dressing (tail skin, retarded wound model by dexamethasone) | [180] |
Imaging agents | [181,182] | ||
Folic acid-ZnO QD | Folic acid-modified ZnO nanocrystals (NIR excitation) | KB (oral carcinoma) cells | [183] |
ZnO QD | ZnO QDs (3–4 nm) immobilized on silica nanospheres (~150–200 nm) (photoluminescence) | Photoluminescence intensity | [184] |
Sensors | [185,186] | ||
ZnO | Three-dimensional interconnected ZnO nanostructures (macro-mesoporosity) | Acetone/methanol detection | [29] |
ZnO | ZnO nano-brush and pearl chain-like nanowire | Selective/sensitive ethanol sensing | [187] |
Mn-ZnO | Interlocking p + n field-effect transistor circuit of Mn-doped ZnO NPs | Acetone sensing (> 2 ppm) | [188] |
ZnO | Aligned ZnO nanorods | Epinephrine sensing | [189] |
ZnO | ZnO electrodes on flexible porous polyimide substrates | Cardiac troponin sensing | [190] |
ZnO | ZnO nanorod field-effect transistors (FETs) | Glucose, cholesterol, and urea sensing | [57] |
Au–ZnO | Gold (Au)–ZnO hybrid NP films | Optical and impedimetric analyses | [191] |
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Jin, S.-E.; Jin, H.-E. Synthesis, Characterization, and Three-Dimensional Structure Generation of Zinc Oxide-Based Nanomedicine for Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2019, 11, 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110575
Jin S-E, Jin H-E. Synthesis, Characterization, and Three-Dimensional Structure Generation of Zinc Oxide-Based Nanomedicine for Biomedical Applications. Pharmaceutics. 2019; 11(11):575. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110575
Chicago/Turabian StyleJin, Su-Eon, and Hyo-Eon Jin. 2019. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Three-Dimensional Structure Generation of Zinc Oxide-Based Nanomedicine for Biomedical Applications" Pharmaceutics 11, no. 11: 575. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110575