Classification of WHO Essential Oral Medicines for Children Applying a Provisional Pediatric Biopharmaceutics Classification System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pediatric Solubility Classification
2.2. Permeability Classification
3. Results
3.1. Classification of Drug Solubility
3.2. Classification of Drug Permeability
3.3. Provisional Pediatric Biopharmaceutics Classification System (pBCS) Classification of the WHO Essential Oral Medicines for Children
3.4. Comparing Provisional Pediatric Biopharmaceutics Classification System (pBCS) with BCS in Adults
4. Discussion
4.1. Drug Solubility Classification
4.2. Drug Permeability Classification
4.3. Provisional pBCS Classification
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Drugs | Provisional pBCS | Provisional aBCS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neonate (0.5 months) | Infant (12.5 months) | Child (7 years) | ||||||||
BSA-R | Fr-R | Ref | BSA-R | Fr-R | Ref | BSA-R | Cr-R | Ref | ||
Drugs with unfavorable changes between aBCS and pBCS | ||||||||||
Acetylsalicylic acid | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Acyclovir | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Amodiaquine | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Amoxicillin | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Benznidazole | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Calcium gluconate | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Cephalexin | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
Chloramphenicol | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Ciprofloxacin | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Clindamycin | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
Dexamethasone | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Digoxin | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Enalapril | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
Ethambutol | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Fluconazole | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Flucytosine | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Fludrocortisone | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Folic acid | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Haloperidol | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Hydrocortisone | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
Mefloquine | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Mercaptopurine | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 2 |
Methotrexate | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 3 |
Neostigmine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
Nifurtimox | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Nystatin | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Omeprazole | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Phenobarbital | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Prednisolone | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
Proguanil | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Propylthiouracil | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Pyrazinamide | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Quinine sulfate | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Riboflavin | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Drugs with favorable changes between aBCS and pBCS | ||||||||||
Acetylcysteine | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Allopurinol | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Artesunate | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Azithromycin | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Cefixime | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Clarithromycin | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Dapsone | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Diazepam | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Diloxanide | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Doxycycline | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Fluoxetine | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Furosemide | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Ivermectin | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Levofloxacin | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
Linezolid | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Loratadine | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Morphine | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
Moxifloxacin | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 |
Phytomenadione | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Pyrimethamine | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Retinol | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Tioguanine | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 3 | - | 4 |
Trimethoprim | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Voriconazole | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Drugs with no changes between aBCS and pBCS | ||||||||||
Abacavir | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Albendazole | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Amitriptyline | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Ascorbic acid | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Atazanavir | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Azathioprine | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Caffeine citrate | - | - | 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 3 |
Calcium folinate | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Carbamazepine | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Chloroquine | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Chlorpromazine | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Cholecalciferol | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Cyclosporin A | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Clavulanic acid | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Clofazimine | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Cloxacillin | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Cyclizine | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Cyclophosphamide | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Cycloserine | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Darunavir | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Delamanid | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 |
Diethylcarbamazine | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Docusate sodium | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Efavirenz | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Entecavir | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 |
Ethionamide | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Ethosuximide | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Etoposide | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Griseofulvin | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Hydroxycarbamide | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Hydroxychloroquine | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Ibuprofen | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Isoniazid | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Itraconazole | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Lactulose | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Lamivudine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Lamotrigine | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Levamisole | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Levothyroxine | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Lopinavir | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Mebendazole | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Mesna | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 |
Metformin | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 |
Methadone | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 |
Methylprednisolone | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Metoclopramide | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Metronidazole | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Midazolam | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Miltefosine | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 |
Nevirapine | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Niclosamide | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Nitrofurantoin | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Ondansetron | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Oseltamivir | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Oxamniquine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
P-amino salicylic acid | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Paracetamol | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Phenoxymethylpenicillin potassium | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Phenytoin sodium | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Potassium iodide | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Praziquantel | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Primaquine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Propranolol | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Pyrantel | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Pyridostigmine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Pyridoxine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Pyronaridine tetraphosphate | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 |
Raltegravir | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 |
Ranitidine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Ribavirin | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Rifampicin | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Rifapentine | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 |
Ritonavir | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Spironolactone | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Stavudine | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Succimer | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 |
Sulfadiazine | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Sulfamethoxazole | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Thiamine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Triclabendazole | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Valganciclovir | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 | 3 | - | 3 |
Valproic acid | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Warfarin | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Zidovudine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
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Descriptive Term (Solubility Definition) | Parts of Solvent Required for One Part of Solute | Solubility Range (mg/mL) | Solubility Assigned (mg/mL) |
---|---|---|---|
Very soluble (vs) | <1 | >1000 | 1000 |
Freely soluble (fs) | from 1 to 10 | 100–1000 | 100 |
Soluble (s) | from 10 to 30 | 33–100 | 33 |
Sparingly soluble (sps) | from 30 to 100 | 10–33 | 10 |
Slightly soluble (ss) | from 100 to 1000 | 1–10 | 1 |
Very slightly soluble (vss) | from 1000 to 10000 | 0.1–1 | 0.1 |
Practically insoluble (pi) | >10000 | <0.1 | 0.01 |
Parameters | Neonate (0.5 months) | Infant (12.5 months) | Child (7 years) |
---|---|---|---|
P50th Weight (kg) [31,32] | 3.7 | 9.8 | 23 |
P50th Length (cm) [31,32] | 52.5 | 77 | 122 |
BSA (m2) | 0.23 | 0.46 | 0.88 |
Normalized V0p (mL) | 13.96 | 36.98 | 86.79 |
Drugs | Provisional pBCS | Provisional aBCS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neonate (0.5 months) | Infant (12.5 months) | Child (7 years) | ||||||||
BSA-R | Fr-R | Ref | BSA-R | Fr-R | Ref | BSA-R | Cr-R | Ref | ||
Acetylsalicylic acid | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Acyclovir | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Amodiaquine | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Amoxicillin | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Benznidazole | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Calcium gluconate | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Cephalexin | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
Chloramphenicol | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Ciprofloxacin | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Clindamycin | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
Dexamethasone | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Digoxin | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Enalapril | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
Ethambutol | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Fluconazole | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Flucytosine | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Fludrocortisone | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Folic acid | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Haloperidol | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Hydrochlorothiazide | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Hydrocortisone | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
Mefloquine | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Mercaptopurine | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 2 |
Methotrexate | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 3 |
Neostigmine | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
Nifurtimox | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Nystatin | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Omeprazole | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Phenobarbital | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Prednisolone | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 |
Proguanil | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Propylthiouracil | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Pyrazinamide | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
Quinine sulfate | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Riboflavin | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
Drugs | Provisional pBCS | Provisional aBCS | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Neonate (0.5 months) | Infant (12.5 months) | Child (7 years) | ||||||||
BSA-R | Fr-R | Ref | BSA-R | Fr-R | Ref | BSA-R | Cr-R | Ref | ||
Acetylcysteine | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Allopurinol | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Artesunate | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Azithromycin | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Cefixime | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Clarithromycin | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Dapsone | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Diazepam | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Diloxanide | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Doxycycline | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Fluoxetine | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Furosemide | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Ivermectin | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Levofloxacin | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
Linezolid | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Loratadine | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Morphine | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
Moxifloxacin | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 | 4 | - | 4 |
Phytomenadione | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
Pyrimethamine | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Retinol | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Tioguanine | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 3 | - | 4 | 3 | - | 4 |
Trimethoprim | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Voriconazole | 2 | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
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delMoral-Sanchez, J.-M.; Gonzalez-Alvarez, I.; Gonzalez-Alvarez, M.; Navarro, A.; Bermejo, M. Classification of WHO Essential Oral Medicines for Children Applying a Provisional Pediatric Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Pharmaceutics 2019, 11, 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110567
delMoral-Sanchez J-M, Gonzalez-Alvarez I, Gonzalez-Alvarez M, Navarro A, Bermejo M. Classification of WHO Essential Oral Medicines for Children Applying a Provisional Pediatric Biopharmaceutics Classification System. Pharmaceutics. 2019; 11(11):567. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110567
Chicago/Turabian StyledelMoral-Sanchez, Jose-Manuel, Isabel Gonzalez-Alvarez, Marta Gonzalez-Alvarez, Andres Navarro, and Marival Bermejo. 2019. "Classification of WHO Essential Oral Medicines for Children Applying a Provisional Pediatric Biopharmaceutics Classification System" Pharmaceutics 11, no. 11: 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110567