Extracellular Vesicles as Natural, Safe and Efficient Drug Delivery Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. EVs as Drug Delivery Vehicles: State of the Art
2.1. Sources of EVs
2.2. EV Loading Methods
2.2.1. Exogenous Loading
2.2.2. Endogenous Loading
2.3. EV Targeting
3. Plasma-Derived EVs
4. EV Isolation Techniques
4.1. Ultracentrifugation
4.2. Density Gradient UC
4.3. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
5. Combined Protocols: Are they the Best Solution?
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ISOLATION METHOD | PROS | CONS | EV YIELD |
---|---|---|---|
Ultracentrifugation (UC) |
|
| Medium (prolonged ultracentrigugations needed, with consequent aggregate formation) |
Density gradient UC |
|
| Low (the amount of starting material is limited; possible EV loss during fractionation) |
Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) |
|
| Medium (part of EVs can elute with contaminating proteins) |
Ultrafiltration |
|
| Low (not applicable directly to biofluids) |
Commercial kits |
|
| High (co-isolation of contaminants) |
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Villa, F.; Quarto, R.; Tasso, R. Extracellular Vesicles as Natural, Safe and Efficient Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2019, 11, 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110557
Villa F, Quarto R, Tasso R. Extracellular Vesicles as Natural, Safe and Efficient Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics. 2019; 11(11):557. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110557
Chicago/Turabian StyleVilla, Federico, Rodolfo Quarto, and Roberta Tasso. 2019. "Extracellular Vesicles as Natural, Safe and Efficient Drug Delivery Systems" Pharmaceutics 11, no. 11: 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11110557