Canonical and Non-Canonical Autophagy in HIV-1 Replication Cycle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. An Overview of the Autophagy Mechanism
3. Cell Type Specific Modulation of Autophagy during HIV-1 Infection
4. Autophagy-Mediated Viral Restriction in HIV-1 Infected Cells
4.1. Degradation of the HIV-1 Tat Protein by the Selective Autophagy Mechanism
4.2. Contribution of Autophagy in the TRIM5α Restriction Factor Activities against HIV-1
4.3. Modulation of Vif-Mediated Countermeasure against APOBEC3G Restriction by Autophagy
4.4. Participation of Autophagy in the Induction of Innate Immunity to HIV-1 Infection
5. Disruption of Autophagy-Associated Adaptive Immune Response by HIV-1
6. Hijacking of Canonical Autophagy by HIV-1 Viral Proteins
6.1. Envelope Proteins
6.2. Tat Protein
6.3. Nef Protein
6.4. Vpr Protein
7. Diversion of a Non-Canonical Autophagy Pathway, the LC3-Associated Phagocytosis, by HIV-1 Viral Protein Vpu
8. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HIV-1 Proteins | Non-Autophagic Functions | Autophagic Functions | References (Associated with Autophagy) |
---|---|---|---|
Env (gp120 and gp41) | Binds to HIV-1 receptor and coreceptors; mediates fusion between virus envelope and plasma membrane. | Induces apoptosis in CD4+ T cell; impairs dendritic cells-mediated CD4+ T cell response; increases HIV-1 spreading from dendritic cells to CD4+ T cells; reduces TLR signaling response; upregulates autophagy in neurons. | [92,95,96,97,98,99,100] |
Tat | Regulates HIV-1 and cellular genes transcription; upregulates cell surface CXCR4 expression in uninfected CD4+ T cells; mediates T cell activation; impedes CD4+ and CD8+ maturation; alters mature CD8+ activity; modulates apoptosis. | Blocks IFNγ-mediated autophagy in macrophages/monocytes; inhibits autophagyin uninfected macrophages/monocytes by stimulating Src-Akt signaling pathway; alters autophagosome-lysosomes fusion in neurons. | [101,102,103,104,105,106,107] |
Nef | Downregulates cell surface expression of CD4, MHC-I, MHC-II, CD28, T cell receptor/CD3 complex; prevents incorporation of restriction factors SERINC3/5 in budding viruses; modulates CD4+ T cell activation. | Prevents autophagy-mediated HIV-1 degradation by blocking autophagosome maturation in macrophages and astrocytes; blocks nuclear translocation of the pro-autophagy transcription factor TFEB in macrophages. | [47,108,109,110] |
Vpr | Induces apoptosis in infected and/or uninfected T cells, DCs, monocytes and neurons; blocks the cell cycle at G2 phase; reactivates viral expression in latently infected cells; influences reverse transcription accuracy; regulates nuclear import of the HIV-1 pre-integration complex. | Prevents apoptosis in macrophages by diverting early steps of autophagy. | [111] |
Vpu | Induces CD4 degradation; downregulates cell surface expression of MHC-I, CD1d, CCR7, CD40, CD81, SLAMF6; induces degradation of the restriction factor BST2; induces mistrafficking of BST2; drives displacing of BST2 from virus budding sites; depolarizes membrane potential by forming ion channel. | Drives displacing of BST2 from virus budding sites via a non-canonical autophagy mechanism (LC3-associated phagocytosis). | [112] |
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Leymarie, O.; Lepont, L.; Berlioz-Torrent, C. Canonical and Non-Canonical Autophagy in HIV-1 Replication Cycle. Viruses 2017, 9, 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9100270
Leymarie O, Lepont L, Berlioz-Torrent C. Canonical and Non-Canonical Autophagy in HIV-1 Replication Cycle. Viruses. 2017; 9(10):270. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9100270
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeymarie, Olivier, Leslie Lepont, and Clarisse Berlioz-Torrent. 2017. "Canonical and Non-Canonical Autophagy in HIV-1 Replication Cycle" Viruses 9, no. 10: 270. https://doi.org/10.3390/v9100270