How Active Are Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs)?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Evidence for Replication and de Novo Integration in Vivo
3. PERV Activity and Cellular Restriction Factors
4. Evidence for Recombination and de Novo Integration in Vivo
5. Implications for Pig Testing for Xenotransplantation
6. Inactivation of PERVs by Gene Editing
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Pig Breed, Pig Cell Line | Copy Number | Method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Landrace × Duroc, Meishan, Pietrain | 10–23 (PERV-A), 7–12 (PERV-B) 50 (protease) | Southern blot | Le Tissier et al., [14]; Patience et al., [15] |
Landrace × Duroc | 32–64 | PCR titration | Patience et al. [16] |
Chinese miniature pigs a | 3.95 ± 0.14 to 95.52 ± 2.20 | Real-time PCR | Liu et al., [17] |
Six breeds in Korea, Duroc, Landrace, Yorkshire | 9 to 50 | Lee et al., [18] | |
Seven organs of four Landrace × Jeju pigs | 28.0 ± 2.7 | Real-time PCR | Yoon et al., [19] |
Chinese Banna minipig inbreed b | 1.4 to 98.1 (pol) b | Real-time PCR | Zhand et al., [20] |
Spanish wild boars and commercial pigs | 3 to 43 (pol) c | Real-time PCR | Quereda et al., [21] |
Pietran | 11.7 d/1.6 e | Real-time PCR | Mang et al., [22] |
Hampshire | 14.0/2.2 | ||
Meishan | 12.1/2.8 | ||
Wild boar | 3.7/0 | ||
Large white | 10.2/0 | ||
Dutch landrace | 6.7/2.8 | ||
Westran pigs | 19 PERV-A 13 PERV-B | Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) | Lee et al., [23] |
Auckland Island pigs | 3 to 37 | Real-time PCR, PCR-based limited dilution assay | Garkavenko et al., [24] |
Duroc pig | 20 Gamma f 4 Beta g | Genome wide sequencing | Groenen et al., [25] |
PK15 cells | 62 | Droplet digital PCR | Yang et al., [26] |
Animals | Remarks | Heart | Liver | Spleen | Brain | Lung | Muscle | Kidney | Pancreas | Lymph Node | Small Intestine | Skin | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hybrid Landrace/Jeju | Korea pol primers | + | + | + | - | + | - | +++ | nt | nt | nt | nt | Yoon et al., [19] |
German landrace a | Multitransgenic b gag primers | + | + | + | + | +++ | - | - | - | nt | nt | nt | Dieckhoff et al., [30] |
German landrace | Non-transgenic gag primers | - | + | +++ | nt | ++ | - | - | - | nt | nt | nt | Dieckhoff et al., [30] |
MMS Troll c | gag primers | nt | nt | +++ | nt | nt | nt | nt | nt | nt | nt | - | Dieckhoff et al., [31] |
German landrace | Non-transgenic env PERV-A primers | + | + | +++ | - | + | + | ++ | nt | ++ | ++ | nt | Mazurek et al., [29] |
Yucatan micropig | gag, pol primer PERV-A | - | + | ++ | nt | +++ | nt | - | - | ++ | ++ | nt | Bittmann et al., [32] |
Yucatan micropig | PERV-C env primer | nt | - | + | nt | +++ | nt | nt | nt | + | nt | - | Bittmann et al., [32] |
Yucatan micropig | Immunohistochemistry Gag and p15E proteins | ++ | - | +++ | ++ | nt | - | - | - | - | ++ | nt | Bittmann et al., [32] |
German landrace | pol primers | + | ++ | +++ | + | + | + | ++ | nt | ++ | nt | nt | Semaan et al., [33] |
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Denner, J. How Active Are Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs)? Viruses 2016, 8, 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8080215
Denner J. How Active Are Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs)? Viruses. 2016; 8(8):215. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8080215
Chicago/Turabian StyleDenner, Joachim. 2016. "How Active Are Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERVs)?" Viruses 8, no. 8: 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8080215