Isolation of a Novel Fusogenic Orthoreovirus from Eucampsipoda africana Bat Flies in South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics and Permit Statement
2.2. Sample Collection and Processing
2.3. Virus Isolation and Titration
2.4. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2.5. Sequence-Independent Single-Primer Amplification (SISPA), Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE), Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Bioinformatics
2.6. Virus Phylogenetic, Genome and Protein Sequence Analysis
2.7. Phylogenetic Analysis of the Bat Fly
2.8. Virus Growth Curves
3. Results
3.1. Isolation of a Syncytia-Forming Virus from Bat Ectoparasite Pools
3.2. Identification as an Orthoreovirus by TEM and SISPA-NGS
3.3. Genome Analysis and Phylogeny Reveals a Putative New African Orthoreovirus Species
3.4. Virus Growth in Mammalian and Insect Cells in Vitro
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genbank Accession Number | Subfamily/ Family | Genus | Virus/Species (Isolate) | Gene Description (Encoding for Protein) | Nucleic Acid (NA) or Amino Acid (AA) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AF450323.1 | Spinareovirinae | Aquareovirus | Golden ide reovirus | RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) | NA |
AF403399.1 | Spinareovirinae | Aquareovirus | Golden shiner reovirus | RdRp | NA |
KC847321.1 | Spinareovirinae | Aquareovirus | Grass carp reovirus (HeNan988) | RdRp | NA |
AF450318.1 | Spinareovirinae | Aquareovirus | Striped bass reovirus | RdRp | NA |
AY542965.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Cardoreovirus | Eriocheir sinensis reovirus | RdRp | NA |
AF133428.1 | Spinareovirinae | Coltivirus | Colorado tick fever virus | RdRp | NA |
NC_003696.1 | Spinareovirinae | Coltivirus | Eyach virus | RdRp | NA |
GQ924586.1 | Spinareovirinae | Cypovirus | Bombyx mori cypovirus1 | RdRp | NA |
AY147187.1 | Spinareovirinae | Cypovirus | Dendrolimus punctatus cypovirus1 | RdRp | NA |
NC_003017.1 | Spinareovirinae | Cypovirus | Lymantria dispar cypovirus1 | RdRp | NA |
NC_025486.1 | Spinareovirinae | Dinovernavirus | Fako virus (CSW77) | RdRp | NA |
AY029520.1 | Spinareovirinae | Fijivirus | Fiji disease virus | RdRp | NA |
NC_003654.1 | Spinareovirinae | Fijivirus | Nilaparvata lugens reovirus | RdRp | NA |
X80481.1 | Spinareovirinae | Idnoreovirus | Diadromus pulchellus reovirus | RdRp | NA |
NC_008172.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Mimoreovirus | Micromonas pusilla reovirus | RdRp | NA |
NC_010743.1 | Spinareovirinae | Mycoreovirus | Mycoreovirus 1 | RdRp | NA |
NC_007535.1 | Spinareovirinae | Mycoreovirus | Mycoreovirus 3 | RdRp | NA |
KF446272.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Orbivirus | African horse sickness virus (RSArrah/08) | RdRp | NA |
GQ506516.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Orbivirus | Bluetongue virus (BT2-03) | RdRp | NA |
HM641772.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Orbivirus | Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (CC304-06) | RdRp | NA |
HQ630942.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Orbivirus | Equine encephalosis virus (Kyalami) | RdRp | NA |
HM543481.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Orbivirus | Kemerovo virus (EgAn 1169-61) | RdRp | NA |
HQ266581.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Orbivirus | Tribec virus | RdRp | NA |
KJ476700.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Avian orthoreovirus (GX/2010/1) | RdRp | NA |
NC_015878.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Baboon orthoreovirus | RdRp | NA |
NC_014238.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Broome virus | RdRp | NA |
NC_023819.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Bush viper reovirus | RdRp | NA |
KM382260.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Cangyuan orthoreovirus | RdRp | NA |
JF342655.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Kampar orthoreovirus | RdRp | NA |
KF154724.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Mammalian orthoreovirus (SI-MRV01) | RdRp | NA |
JQ412755.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Mammalian Orthoreovirus (T3/Bat/Germany/342/08) | RdRp | NA |
NC_020447.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Melaka orthoreovirus | RdRp | NA |
JF342673.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Nelson Bay orthoreovirus | RdRp | NA |
JF342667.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Pulau reovirus | RdRp | NA |
KF692090.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Tvarminne avian virus | RdRp | NA |
HM125552.1 | Spinareovirinae | Oryzavirus | Rice ragged stunt virus | RdRp | NA |
D90198.1 | Spinareovirinae | Oryzavirus | Rice dwarf virus | RdRp | NA |
NC_003773.1 | Spinareovirinae | Oryzavirus | Rice dwarf virus | RdRp | NA |
D10222.1 | Spinareovirinae | Oryzavirus | Rice dwarf virus | RdRp | NA |
AB738412.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Rotavirus | Bovine group C rotavirus (Toyama) | RdRp | NA |
NC_021541.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Rotavirus | Human rotavirus B (Bang373) | RdRp | NA |
JN872865.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Rotavirus | Rotavirus A (RVA/Horse-wt/ARG/E4040/2008/G14P12) | RdRp | NA |
NC_014511.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Rotavirus | Rotavirus D chicken (05V0049/DEU/2005) | RdRp | NA |
KC954611.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Seadornavirus | Banna virus | RdRp | NA |
AF133429.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Seadornavirus | Kadipiro virus | RdRp | NA |
AY317099.1 | Sedoreovirinae | Seadornavirus | Liao ning virus (LNSV-NE97-31) | RdRp | NA |
AJA90918.1 KJ476700.1 AJA90920.1 AJA90921.1 AJA90922.1 AJA90923.1 AJA90927.1 AJA90928.1 AJA90929.1 AJA90924.1 AJA90925.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Avian orthoreovirus (GX/2010/1) | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA |
YP_004769549.1 NC_015878.1 YP_004769547.1 YP_004769550.1 YP_004769551.1 YP_004769552.1 YP_004769553.1 YP_004769554.1 YP_004769557.1 YP_004769555.1 YP_004769556.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Baboon orthoreovirus | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA |
YP_003717771.1 NC_014238.1 YP_003717772.1 YP_003717774.1 YP_003717775.1 YP_003717776.1 YP_003717777.1 YP_003717778.1 YP_003717779.1 YP_003717780.1 YP_003717781.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Broome virus | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA |
YP_009020572.1 NC_023819.1 YP_009020573.1 YP_009020574.1 YP_009020579.1 YP_009020575.1 YP_009020580.1 YP_009020576.1 YP_009020577.1 YP_009020581.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Bush viper reovirus | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
AIY28303.1 KM382260.1 AIY28301.1 AIY28304.1 AIY28305.1 AIY28306.1 AIY28308.1 YP_009110705.1 AIY28309.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Cangyuan orthoreovirus | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
AEQ49364.1 JF342655.1 AEQ49362.1 AEQ49365.1 AEQ49366.1 AEQ49367.1 ACC77638.1 ACC77640.1 ACC77639.1 ACC77635.1 ACC77636.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Kampar orthoreovirus | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA |
AGV74342.1 KF154724.1 AGV74341.1 AGV74343.1 AGV74344.1 AGV74345.1 AGV74347.1 AGV74346.1 AGV74348.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Mammalian orthoreovirus (SI-MRV01) | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
AFN01895.1 JQ412755.1 AFN01894.1 AFN01896.1 AFN01897.1 AFN01898.1 AFN01901.1 AFN01899.1 AFN01902.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Mammalian Orthoreovirus (T3/Bat/Germany/342/08) | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
YP_007507318.1 NC_020447.1 YP_007507317.1 YP_007507319.1 YP_007507320.1 YP_007507321.1 YP_007507322.1 YP_007507324.1 YP_007507323.1 YP_007507326.1 YP_007507327.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Melaka orthoreovirus | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA |
AEQ49382.1 JF342673.1 AEQ49380.1 AEQ49383.1 AEQ49384.1 AEQ49385.1 AAC18123.1 AAC18127.1 AAC18131.1 AAF45157.1 AAF45158.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Nelson Bay orthoreovirus | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA |
AEQ49376.1 JF342667.1 AEQ49374.1 AEQ49377.1 AEQ49378.1 AEQ49379.1 AAR13234.1 AAR13236.1 AAR13235.1 AAR13231.1 AAR13232.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Pulau reovirus | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA |
AHW40447.1 KF692090.1 AHW40449.1 AHW40450.1 AHW40451.1 AHW40455.1 AHW40456.1 AHW40457.1 AHW40452.1 AHW40453.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Tvarminne avian virus | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
AED99916.1 HM222980.1 AED99917.1 AED99915.1 AED99914.1 AED99913.1 AED99909.1 AED99908.1 AED99910.1 AED99911.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Stellar sea lion orthoreovirus | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
AHL21592.1 KF809663.1 AHL21594.1 AHL21595.1 AHL21596.1 AHL21597.1 AHL21600.1 AHL21601.1 AHL21602.1 AHL21598.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Avian orthoreovirus (D20/99) | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
AJW82013.1 AJW82012.1 AJW82011.1 AJW82014.2 AJW82015.1 AJW82016.1 AJW82018.1 AJW82019.1 AJW82020.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Avian orthoreovirus (PA/Turkey/22342/13) | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
AFQ62078.1 JX145329.1 AFQ62080.1 AFQ62081.1 AFQ62082.1 AFQ62083.1 AFQ62087.1 AFQ62088.1 AFQ62089.1 AFQ62084.1 AFQ62085.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Goose orthoreovirus (03G) | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA |
ADY80533.1 GU991669.1 ADY80534.1 ADY80535.1 ADY80536.1 ADY80537.1 ADY80539.1 ADY80541.1 ADY80540.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Mammalian orthoreovirus (3jin-1) | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
ADY80523.1 GU991659.1 ADY80524.1 ADY80525.1 ADY80526.2 ADY80527.1 ADY80529.1 ADY80531.1 ADY80530.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Mammalian orthoreovirus 3 (R124) | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
JQ599140.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Mammalian orthoreovirus 3 (T3v1) | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
AFQ41026.1 JN799426.1 AFQ41027.1 AFQ41022.1 AFQ41023.1 AFQ41024.1 AFQ41019.1 AFQ41021.1 AFQ41020.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Mammalian orthoreovirus (729) | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
AF368033.1 AAL36028.1 AF368037 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Ndelle virus | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
AFQ37938.1 JX415466.1 AFQ37943.1 AFQ37939.1 AFQ37942.1 AFQ37945.1 AFQ37936.1 AFQ37944.1 AFQ37941.1 | Spinareovirinae | Orthoreovirus | Porcine reovirus (SHR-A) | Virus structural and non-structural proteins | AA* |
KF021491.1 | Nycteribiidae | Eucampsipoda | africana (isolate N4) | COI | NA |
KF021493.1 | Nycteribiidae | Eucampsipoda | inermis (isolate N8) | COI | NA |
KF021494.1 | Nycteribiidae | Eucampsipoda | madagascarensis (isolate J43) | COI | NA |
KF021495.1 | Nycteribiidae | Eucampsipoda | madagascarensis (isolate J48) | COI | NA |
KF021500.1 | Nycteribiidae | Eucampsipoda | theodori (isolate 8B) | COI | NA |
KF021496.1 | Nycteribiidae | Eucampsipoda | theodori (isolate 28DM) | COI | NA |
KF021497.1 | Nycteribiidae | Eucampsipoda | theodori (isolate 29F) | COI | NA |
KF021498.1 | Nycteribiidae | Eucampsipoda | theodori (isolate 30DM) | COI | NA |
KF021499.1 | Nycteribiidae | Eucampsipoda | theodori (isolate 31DM) | COI | NA |
AB632546.1 | Nycteribiidae | Nycteribia | allotopa (isolate NyAl10) | COI | NA |
AB632547.1 | Nycteribiidae | Nycteribia | allotopa (isolate NyAl11) | COI | NA |
KF021501.1 | Nycteribiidae | Nycteribia | parvula (isolate N16) | COI | NA |
KF021503.1 | Nycteribiidae | Nycteribia | schmidlii (isolate N2) | COI | NA |
KF021504.1 | Nycteribiidae | Nycteribia | schmidlii (isolate N3) | COI | NA |
KF021502.1 | Nycteribiidae | Nycteribia | schmidlii (isolate N21) | COI | NA |
KF021512.1 | Nycteribiidae | Nycteribia | stylidiopsis (isolate J32) | COI | NA |
KF021513.1 | Nycteribiidae | Nycteribia | stylidiopsis (isolate J33) | COI | NA |
KF021519.1 | Nycteribiidae | Penicillidia | fulvida (isolate GR21) | COI | NA |
KF021518.1 | Nycteribiidae | Penicillidia | fulvida (isolate J68) | COI | NA |
KF021520.1 | Nycteribiidae | Penicillidia | fulvida (isolate N20) | COI | NA |
AB632562.1 | Nycteribiidae | Penicillidia | jenynsii (isolate PeJe6) | COI | NA |
AB632563.1 | Nycteribiidae | Penicillidia | jenynsii (isolate PeJe7) | COI | NA |
KF021525.1 | Nycteribiidae | Penicillidia | leptothrinax (isolate 35A) | COI | NA |
KF021526.1 | Nycteribiidae | Penicillidia | leptothrinax (isolate 35B) | COI | NA |
KF021527.1 | Nycteribiidae | Penicillidia | leptothrinax (isolate 36A) | COI | NA |
KF021521.1 | Nycteribiidae | Penicillidia | leptothrinax (isolate GR7) | COI | NA |
KF021529.1 | Nycteribiidae | Penicillidia | leptothrinax (isolate J34) | COI | NA |
KF021533.1 | Nycteribiidae | Penicillidia | leptothrinax (isolate J66) | COI | NA |
KF021535.1 | Nycteribiidae | Penicillidia | oceanica (isolate N17) | COI | NA |
Virus (Isolate Number) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 99.8 | 56.6 | 53.6 | 58.0 | 66.3 | 55.6 | 55.5 | 54.6 | 54.7 | 55.6 | 55.2 | 55.6 | 57.7 | 57.5 | 57.2 | 56.6 | 56.6 | 54.5 | 54.5 | 54.4 | 54.5 | 54.4 | 54.4 | |
| 93.5 | 56.6 | 53.6 | 58.0 | 66.3 | 55.6 | 55.5 | 54.6 | 54.7 | 55.6 | 55.2 | 55.6 | 57.7 | 57.5 | 57.2 | 56.5 | 56.6 | 54.5 | 54.5 | 54.4 | 54.5 | 54.4 | 54.4 | |
| 57.0 | 56.5 | 50.0 | 50.9 | 55.4 | 70.6 | 70.5 | 54.8 | 54.9 | 70.5 | 70.2 | 70.5 | 71.3 | 72.1 | 91.4 | 95.2 | 91.2 | 54.8 | 54.8 | 54.8 | 54.9 | 54.8 | 54.8 | |
| 58.0 | 58.1 | 54.4 | 50.5 | 52.8 | 49.6 | 49.5 | 47.5 | 47.5 | 49.4 | 49.8 | 49.3 | 50.0 | 50.4 | 50.3 | 50.1 | 50.0 | 47.4 | 47.4 | 47.4 | 47.6 | 47.6 | 47.4 | |
| 60.2 | 60.7 | 55.0 | 58.9 | 56.0 | 50.5 | 50.4 | 50.7 | 50.7 | 50.6 | 50.0 | 50.4 | 51.4 | 50.4 | 51.4 | 51.5 | 51.2 | 50.7 | 50.7 | 50.6 | 50.4 | 50.4 | 50.8 | |
| 63.7 | 63.3 | 55.9 | 56.5 | 58.2 | 57.0 | 56.9 | 51.8 | 51.8 | 56.9 | 56.8 | 56.6 | 56.8 | 56.1 | 55.5 | 54.8 | 55.3 | 51.9 | 51.9 | 51.9 | 51.7 | 51.5 | 51.8 | |
| 56.6 | 56.6 | 63.8 | 52.9 | 53.4 | 56.8 | 99.4 | 53.3 | 53.5 | 99.4 | 95.9 | 98.8 | 73.3 | 72.5 | 71.3 | 69.8 | 71.3 | 53.4 | 53.3 | 53.3 | 53.5 | 53.3 | 53.4 | |
| 56.5 | 56.6 | 63.7 | 52.6 | 53.3 | 56.6 | 98.0 | 53.2 | 53.3 | 99.2 | 95.6 | 98.8 | 73.3 | 72.3 | 71.3 | 69.7 | 71.2 | 53.2 | 53.2 | 53.2 | 53.3 | 53.2 | 53.2 | |
| 56.8 | 57.4 | 54.6 | 53.7 | 55.2 | 55.6 | 53.0 | 52.8 | 99.4 | 53.3 | 52.4 | 53.1 | 53.4 | 53.1 | 54.4 | 54.4 | 53.9 | 98.9 | 98.8 | 98.6 | 98.7 | 98.3 | 99.1 | |
| 57.2 | 57.6 | 54.7 | 54.0 | 55.2 | 55.5 | 52.8 | 52.7 | 98.3 | 53.5 | 52.6 | 53.2 | 53.6 | 53.2 | 54.5 | 54.6 | 54.0 | 98.6 | 98.5 | 98.3 | 98.4 | 98.1 | 98.8 | |
| 56.5 | 56.4 | 63.6 | 52.8 | 53.5 | 56.5 | 97.9 | 98.6 | 52.6 | 52.5 | 95.6 | 98.6 | 73.2 | 72.1 | 71.2 | 69.7 | 71.1 | 53.4 | 53.3 | 53.3 | 53.3 | 53.3 | 53.4 | |
| 56.6 | 56.4 | 63.9 | 52.6 | 53.6 | 56.8 | 83.8 | 83.6 | 53.3 | 53.4 | 83.8 | 96.0 | 72.5 | 71.6 | 71.0 | 70.0 | 70.9 | 52.5 | 52.4 | 52.4 | 52.6 | 52.5 | 52.5 | |
| 55.9 | 55.9 | 63.6 | 52.5 | 53.2 | 56.6 | 94.0 | 94.6 | 53.2 | 53.0 | 94.6 | 83.6 | 73.2 | 72.1 | 71.2 | 69.7 | 71.1 | 53.2 | 53.1 | 53.1 | 53.2 | 53.1 | 53.2 | |
| 56.3 | 56.4 | 63.7 | 53.9 | 53.6 | 56.9 | 65.3 | 65.3 | 54.6 | 54.6 | 65.3 | 64.1 | 65.7 | 82.0 | 71.4 | 71.2 | 71.1 | 53.4 | 53.4 | 53.2 | 53.5 | 53.2 | 53.4 | |
| 57.5 | 57.4 | 64.2 | 52.7 | 53.6 | 56.1 | 65.3 | 65.3 | 54.9 | 54.8 | 65.4 | 64.6 | 65.1 | 70.2 | 72.1 | 72.1 | 71.5 | 53.2 | 53.2 | 53.1 | 53.2 | 52.7 | 53.2 | |
| 55.9 | 56.2 | 75.5 | 52.6 | 53.1 | 54.9 | 64.8 | 64.7 | 54.5 | 54.5 | 64.6 | 64.5 | 64.3 | 64.7 | 65.3 | 91.2 | 97.3 | 54.4 | 54.4 | 54.3 | 54.6 | 54.4 | 54.4 | |
| 56.8 | 56.8 | 83.6 | 52.6 | 54.5 | 54.8 | 63.1 | 63.0 | 54.3 | 53.9 | 63.1 | 63.8 | 63.3 | 63.6 | 64.7 | 75.4 | 90.7 | 54.5 | 54.5 | 54.4 | 54.6 | 54.4 | 54.5 | |
| 55.9 | 56.3 | 75.7 | 53.2 | 53.3 | 54.7 | 64.3 | 64.3 | 53.9 | 54.0 | 64.3 | 64.7 | 64.2 | 64.1 | 65.1 | 91.8 | 75.9 | 53.9 | 53.9 | 53.8 | 54.1 | 54.0 | 53.9 | |
| 56.6 | 56.9 | 54.7 | 53.6 | 55.6 | 55.4 | 54.0 | 53.8 | 89.8 | 89.8 | 53.7 | 53.2 | 54.0 | 54.8 | 54.5 | 54.0 | 54.6 | 53.8 | 99.8 | 99.7 | 98.3 | 97.8 | 99.7 | |
| 56.6 | 56.9 | 54.7 | 53.6 | 55.6 | 55.4 | 54.0 | 53.8 | 89.8 | 89.8 | 53.7 | 53.2 | 54.0 | 54.8 | 54.5 | 54.1 | 54.6 | 53.8 | 99.9 | 99.7 | 98.2 | 97.7 | 99.7 | |
| 56.5 | 56.8 | 54.7 | 53.6 | 55.6 | 55.4 | 53.9 | 53.7 | 89.8 | 89.8 | 53.7 | 53.2 | 53.9 | 54.7 | 54.4 | 54.0 | 54.6 | 53.8 | 99.9 | 99.8 | 98.1 | 97.5 | 99.5 | |
| 56.9 | 57.2 | 54.9 | 53.6 | 55.6 | 55.4 | 53.7 | 53.5 | 91.6 | 91.9 | 53.3 | 53.4 | 53.5 | 54.4 | 54.5 | 54.3 | 54.5 | 53.7 | 90.1 | 90.1 | 90.0 | 97.7 | 98.6 | |
| 57.0 | 57.0 | 54.9 | 53.1 | 54.9 | 55.2 | 53.9 | 53.6 | 89.8 | 90.2 | 53.7 | 53.0 | 53.5 | 54.6 | 54.5 | 54.2 | 54.3 | 54.0 | 89.4 | 89.4 | 89.4 | 90.4 | 98.0 | |
| 56.3 | 56.8 | 54.7 | 53.6 | 55.8 | 55.3 | 54.3 | 54.0 | 90.7 | 90.8 | 54.0 | 53.3 | 54.2 | 54.9 | 54.5 | 54.0 | 54.5 | 53.7 | 98.2 | 98.1 | 98.1 | 91.8 | 90.6 |
Virus (Isolate) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 89.0 | 21.4 | 24.0 | 24.3 | 19.0 | 17.8 | 17.8 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 17.8 | 17.5 | 18.1 | 19.3 | 17.5 | 21.1 | 21.4 | 19.3 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 5.6 | 6.2 | |
| 80.4 | 21.7 | 24.3 | 23.1 | 20.2 | 17.5 | 17.5 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 17.5 | 17.8 | 17.5 | 18.7 | 18.4 | 21.7 | 21.1 | 19.6 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 8.6 | 5.0 | 7.1 | |
| 39.8 | 39.9 | 15.1 | 20.2 | 22.6 | 34.4 | 35.0 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 34.7 | 35.0 | 33.8 | 37.1 | 38.3 | 61.7 | 78.6 | 70.0 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 5.9 | 8.0 | 7.1 | |
| 41.7 | 41.7 | 35.8 | 19.3 | 17.2 | 17.5 | 16.9 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 17.2 | 16.9 | 16.0 | 17.2 | 17.5 | 16.3 | 14.8 | 15.7 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 7.7 | 7.1 | 6.8 | |
| 41.9 | 41.5 | 39.0 | 38.5 | 20.2 | 18.1 | 17.8 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 18.1 | 17.5 | 18.7 | 19.6 | 19.6 | 17.2 | 18.4 | 19.0 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 6.2 | 7.4 | 8.3 | |
| 38.7 | 39.3 | 39.5 | 37.3 | 35.8 | 18.4 | 18.1 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 18.4 | 18.1 | 17.5 | 17.8 | 18.1 | 22.6 | 21.7 | 22.0 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 6.2 | |
| 38.0 | 38.6 | 45.4 | 36.5 | 34.0 | 36.5 | 97.0 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 98.8 | 93.5 | 93.8 | 40.1 | 40.4 | 31.8 | 34.4 | 32.9 | 8.3 | 8.3 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 6.5 | |
| 37.8 | 38.7 | 45.4 | 37.0 | 33.9 | 36.0 | 92.5 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 97.6 | 91.7 | 92.0 | 40.1 | 40.4 | 32.3 | 35.0 | 34.1 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 6.5 | 7.7 | 6.8 | |
| 29.4 | 30.2 | 28.9 | 30.4 | 29.0 | 30.1 | 30.6 | 30.6 | 97.9 | 9.2 | 8.3 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 87.5 | 88.1 | 23.1 | 74.2 | 20.5 | |
| 36.5 | 36.9 | 48.7 | 35.0 | 34.8 | 38.0 | 50.3 | 49.7 | 30.8 | 9.2 | 8.3 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 9.8 | 9.5 | 87.2 | 87.8 | 23.1 | 73.3 | 21.4 | |
| 38.7 | 38.2 | 62.9 | 35.6 | 34.7 | 39.2 | 42.6 | 43.3 | 29.2 | 50.8 | 92.9 | 93.8 | 40.4 | 40.4 | 31.8 | 34.7 | 33.2 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 6.5 | 7.4 | 6.8 | |
| 40.1 | 39.8 | 74.7 | 37.4 | 38.7 | 40.2 | 47.2 | 46.6 | 29.9 | 50.4 | 64.2 | 88.4 | 39.5 | 39.8 | 32.0 | 34.4 | 33.8 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 5.9 | 6.5 | 6.2 | |
| 40.3 | 39.8 | 69.8 | 37.5 | 38.1 | 38.3 | 44.2 | 43.5 | 30.6 | 50.0 | 68.6 | 71.1 | 38.3 | 39.2 | 31.2 | 33.2 | 32.6 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 6.5 | 7.7 | 6.2 | |
| 30.1 | 30.5 | 31.6 | 31.8 | 31.2 | 32.2 | 31.3 | 32.2 | 80.3 | 30.8 | 31.5 | 32.0 | 32.4 | 56.1 | 36.2 | 37.7 | 35.9 | 10.1 | 9.8 | 8.0 | 10.1 | 6.2 | |
| 30.1 | 30.5 | 31.6 | 31.8 | 31.3 | 32.2 | 31.3 | 32.2 | 80.4 | 30.8 | 31.5 | 32.0 | 32.4 | 99.9 | 38.0 | 38.6 | 36.5 | 10.1 | 9.8 | 7.7 | 8.6 | 8.6 | |
| 29.6 | 29.4 | 31.8 | 31.0 | 28.0 | 31.9 | 31.7 | 31.6 | 43.8 | 31.3 | 28.8 | 31.7 | 32.0 | 43.4 | 43.4 | 63.2 | 70.3 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 5.6 | 8.3 | 8.0 | |
| 30.3 | 30.0 | 30.2 | 31.7 | 30.0 | 28.7 | 29.5 | 28.8 | 71.2 | 29.6 | 30.6 | 29.7 | 32.6 | 70.9 | 71.0 | 43.3 | 70.6 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 7.7 | 8.0 | 8.0 | |
| 28.7 | 29.9 | 31.3 | 31.2 | 28.5 | 30.6 | 29.7 | 29.5 | 44.1 | 28.7 | 27.6 | 30.3 | 30.1 | 43.3 | 43.4 | 58.0 | 41.7 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 5.9 | 7.1 | 7.1 | |
| 29.7 | 30.6 | 29.1 | 30.4 | 29.4 | 30.2 | 30.6 | 30.6 | 98.5 | 31.0 | 29.5 | 30.0 | 30.8 | 79.8 | 79.9 | 44.0 | 71.3 | 44.5 | 99.4 | 24.9 | 73.3 | 21.1 | |
| 38.0 | 38.7 | 46.1 | 36.9 | 34.0 | 37.3 | 96.2 | 95.5 | 30.5 | 50.8 | 42.4 | 47.2 | 43.9 | 32.0 | 32.0 | 32.2 | 29.5 | 29.8 | 30.6 | 24.9 | 73.6 | 21.1 | |
| 37.4 | 38.8 | 45.6 | 36.5 | 34.9 | 37.3 | 83.3 | 83.4 | 31.5 | 49.4 | 41.4 | 46.8 | 43.0 | 31.4 | 31.4 | 32.2 | 30.5 | 30.6 | 31.4 | 83.9 | 23.1 | 50.7 | |
| 36.9 | 37.7 | 45.1 | 36.4 | 34.3 | 36.9 | 93.1 | 91.0 | 31.1 | 49.2 | 41.6 | 45.5 | 43.1 | 32.4 | 32.4 | 32.4 | 30.6 | 30.3 | 31.2 | 94.2 | 82.3 | 20.8 | |
| 35.3 | 35.6 | 48.9 | 35.4 | 32.6 | 39.6 | 50.8 | 49.6 | 30.3 | 61.7 | 47.4 | 49.0 | 48.5 | 31.1 | 31.1 | 32.5 | 30.6 | 30.2 | 31.0 | 50.1 | 48.6 | 49.3 |
Genome Segment | Gene | Gene Product | Public Sequence Database | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size of Segment (nt) | 5' End Penta-Nucleotide Sequence | 3' End Penta-Nucleotide Sequence | 5' UTR (nt) | 3' UTR (nt) | Intergenic Region | Protein | Protein Size (aa) | Mw (kDa) | Proposed Function | Genbank Accession Numbers | ||||
L1 | 3950 | 5'-GGUCA | UCAUC-3' | 14 | 51 | - | Lambda A | 1294 | 143.7 | Core structural protein, binds dsRNA, NTPase, helicase | KU198602 to KU198621 | |||
L2 | 3925 | 5'-GGUCA | UCAUC-3' | 16 | 33 | - | Lambda C | 1292 | 146.8 | Guanylyl transferase, methyl transferase turret protein | ||||
L3 | 3846 | 5'-GGUCA | UCAUC-3' | 13 | 35 | - | Lambda B | 1265 | 142.7 | Core protein, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase | ||||
M1 | 2341 | 5'-GGUCA | UCAUC-3' | 16 | 39 | - | mu A | 761 | 87.2 | Core protein, transcription factor; ssRNA and dsRNA binding | ||||
M2 | 2145 | 5'-GGUCA | UCAUC-3' | 28 | 86 | - | mu B | 676 | 73.4 | Outer capsid protein, membrane penetration during infection | ||||
M3 | 2112 | 5'-GGUCA | UCAUC-3' | 34 | 77 | - | mu NS | 666 | 75.6 | Non-structural, virus inclusion | ||||
S1 | 1322 | 5'-GGUCA | UCAUC-3' | 13 | 58 | - | Sigma A | 416 | 47.8 | Core protein, transcription factor; dsRNA binding; blocks interferon pathway | ||||
S2 | 1282 | 5'-GGUCA | UCAUC-3' | 31 | 69 | - | Sigma B | 393 | 44.7 | Outer capsid protein | ||||
S3 | 1209 | 5'-GGUCA | UCAUC-3' | 27 | 63 | - | Sigma NS | 372 | 41.5 | ssRNA binding; virus inclusion formation | ||||
S4 | 1068 | 5'-GGUCA | UCAUC-3' | 27 | 48 | 156 | p14 | 125 | 13.9 | Non-structural, membrane fusion (FAST) | ||||
p18 | 152 | 17.8 | Non-structural, unknown function |
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Jansen van Vuren, P.; Wiley, M.; Palacios, G.; Storm, N.; McCulloch, S.; Markotter, W.; Birkhead, M.; Kemp, A.; Paweska, J.T. Isolation of a Novel Fusogenic Orthoreovirus from Eucampsipoda africana Bat Flies in South Africa. Viruses 2016, 8, 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8030065
Jansen van Vuren P, Wiley M, Palacios G, Storm N, McCulloch S, Markotter W, Birkhead M, Kemp A, Paweska JT. Isolation of a Novel Fusogenic Orthoreovirus from Eucampsipoda africana Bat Flies in South Africa. Viruses. 2016; 8(3):65. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8030065
Chicago/Turabian StyleJansen van Vuren, Petrus, Michael Wiley, Gustavo Palacios, Nadia Storm, Stewart McCulloch, Wanda Markotter, Monica Birkhead, Alan Kemp, and Janusz T. Paweska. 2016. "Isolation of a Novel Fusogenic Orthoreovirus from Eucampsipoda africana Bat Flies in South Africa" Viruses 8, no. 3: 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8030065
APA StyleJansen van Vuren, P., Wiley, M., Palacios, G., Storm, N., McCulloch, S., Markotter, W., Birkhead, M., Kemp, A., & Paweska, J. T. (2016). Isolation of a Novel Fusogenic Orthoreovirus from Eucampsipoda africana Bat Flies in South Africa. Viruses, 8(3), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8030065