Next Article in Journal
Rapid Detection Assay for Infectious Bronchitis Virus Using Real-Time Reverse Transcription Recombinase-Aided Amplification
Previous Article in Journal
An Anti-HIV Drug Is Highly Effective Against SARS-CoV-2 In Vitro and Has Potential Benefit for Long COVID Treatment
Previous Article in Special Issue
Versatile and Scalable Nanoparticle Vaccine as a Scaffold Against Newly Emerging Influenza Viruses
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Viruses
Volume 17
Issue 9
10.3390/v17091171
viruses-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Human-Derived H3N2 Influenza A Viruses Detected in Pigs in Northern Italy

by
Laura Soliani
1,*,
Ada Mescoli
1,
Irene Zanni
1,
Laura Baioni
1,
Giovanni Alborali
1,
Ana Moreno
1,
Silvia Faccini
1,
Carlo Rosignoli
1,
Giorgia De Lorenzi
1,
Laura Fiorentini
1,
Camilla Torreggiani
1,
Benedetta Cordioli
1,
Alice Prosperi
1,
Andrea Luppi
1 and
Chiara Chiapponi
1,2
1
WOAH Reference Laboratory for Swine Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy
2
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2025, 17(9), 1171; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091171
Submission received: 5 August 2025 / Revised: 25 August 2025 / Accepted: 25 August 2025 / Published: 27 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment: 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

In recent years, the four main swine influenza A virus (IAV-S) subtypes circulating in swine in the EU have been H1avN1, H1huN2, H1N1pdm09, and H3N2. The latter emerged in 1984 from a reassortment event between a human seasonal H3N2 and H1avN1, and is currently detected at low prevalence in swine in Italy. Here, we describe nine H3N2 IAV-S isolates belonging to three novel genotypes, first detected in Italy in 2021, likely resulting from reassortment events between swine and human IAVs. The first genotype was characterized by a hemagglutinin (H3 HA) of human seasonal origin, a neuraminidase (N2 NA) derived from H1huN2 strains circulating in Italian swine, and an avian-like internal gene cassette (IGC). The second genotype differed in its IGC constellation: PB2, PB1, PA and NP segments were of pandemic origin (pdm09), while NS and M segments derived from the Eurasian avian-like lineage. The third genotype combined a human-derived H3, a Gent/84-derived N2, and a pdm09-origin IGC, as well as an avian-like NS. This study aimed to characterize the genetic features of these novel H3huN2 and assess their epidemiological relevance, with implications for surveillance and control, improving preparedness and mitigating the risks posed by zoonotic influenza viruses.
Keywords: swine influenza viruses; H3N2 viruses; reassortant strains; surveillance swine influenza viruses; H3N2 viruses; reassortant strains; surveillance

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Soliani, L.; Mescoli, A.; Zanni, I.; Baioni, L.; Alborali, G.; Moreno, A.; Faccini, S.; Rosignoli, C.; De Lorenzi, G.; Fiorentini, L.; et al. Human-Derived H3N2 Influenza A Viruses Detected in Pigs in Northern Italy. Viruses 2025, 17, 1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091171

AMA Style

Soliani L, Mescoli A, Zanni I, Baioni L, Alborali G, Moreno A, Faccini S, Rosignoli C, De Lorenzi G, Fiorentini L, et al. Human-Derived H3N2 Influenza A Viruses Detected in Pigs in Northern Italy. Viruses. 2025; 17(9):1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091171

Chicago/Turabian Style

Soliani, Laura, Ada Mescoli, Irene Zanni, Laura Baioni, Giovanni Alborali, Ana Moreno, Silvia Faccini, Carlo Rosignoli, Giorgia De Lorenzi, Laura Fiorentini, and et al. 2025. "Human-Derived H3N2 Influenza A Viruses Detected in Pigs in Northern Italy" Viruses 17, no. 9: 1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091171

APA Style

Soliani, L., Mescoli, A., Zanni, I., Baioni, L., Alborali, G., Moreno, A., Faccini, S., Rosignoli, C., De Lorenzi, G., Fiorentini, L., Torreggiani, C., Cordioli, B., Prosperi, A., Luppi, A., & Chiapponi, C. (2025). Human-Derived H3N2 Influenza A Viruses Detected in Pigs in Northern Italy. Viruses, 17(9), 1171. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091171

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop