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Volume 17
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10.3390/v17091165
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Versatile and Scalable Nanoparticle Vaccine as a Scaffold Against Newly Emerging Influenza Viruses

by
Alessandro Pardini
1,2,3,*,
Dominik A. Rothen
1,2,3,
Pascal S. Krenger
1,2,3,
Anne-Cathrine Vogt
1,2,3,
Romano Josi
1,2,3,
Xuelan Liu
4,
Kaspars Tars
5,
Manfred Kopf
6,
Monique Vogel
1,2 and
Martin F. Bachmann
1,2,7,*
1
Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
2
Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
3
Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
4
International Immunology Centre, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
5
Latvian Biomedical Research & Study Centre, Ratsupites iela 1, LV 1067 Riga, Latvia
6
Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
7
Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2025, 17(9), 1165; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091165 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 11 July 2025 / Revised: 14 August 2025 / Accepted: 22 August 2025 / Published: 26 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment: 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Influenza remains a major health threat due to its high contagiousness and global spread, affecting not only humans but also agricultural livestock and wild animals through transmission via migratory birds. Despite over 70 years of vaccination, influenza still creates epidemics and pandemics, and the ongoing use of vaccination is an essential but currently insufficient strategy. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity and efficacy of an AP205 virus-like particle (VLP) carrying the HA head domain of the A/PR8/H1N1 strain, administered intranasally and subcutaneously in mice. For this purpose, the entire head region of A/PR8/H1N1 was genetically integrated into a sterically improved version of AP205, which exhibits capsid monomers fused into a dimer, thereby offering inexpensive and scalable production processes. The vaccine induced strong systemic anti-HA IgG and IgA antibodies via both routes, with no significant difference in the levels of IgG. Both immunisation strategies induced protection against a lethal challenge with H1PR8 mouse-adapted influenza virus. The findings demonstrate the potential of the AP205 VLP platform for HA1-based influenza vaccines and its applicability for controlling influenza in both humans and livestock.
Keywords: vaccine; influenza; virus-like particle; public health vaccine; influenza; virus-like particle; public health

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MDPI and ACS Style

Pardini, A.; Rothen, D.A.; Krenger, P.S.; Vogt, A.-C.; Josi, R.; Liu, X.; Tars, K.; Kopf, M.; Vogel, M.; Bachmann, M.F. Versatile and Scalable Nanoparticle Vaccine as a Scaffold Against Newly Emerging Influenza Viruses. Viruses 2025, 17, 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091165

AMA Style

Pardini A, Rothen DA, Krenger PS, Vogt A-C, Josi R, Liu X, Tars K, Kopf M, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. Versatile and Scalable Nanoparticle Vaccine as a Scaffold Against Newly Emerging Influenza Viruses. Viruses. 2025; 17(9):1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091165

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pardini, Alessandro, Dominik A. Rothen, Pascal S. Krenger, Anne-Cathrine Vogt, Romano Josi, Xuelan Liu, Kaspars Tars, Manfred Kopf, Monique Vogel, and Martin F. Bachmann. 2025. "Versatile and Scalable Nanoparticle Vaccine as a Scaffold Against Newly Emerging Influenza Viruses" Viruses 17, no. 9: 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091165

APA Style

Pardini, A., Rothen, D. A., Krenger, P. S., Vogt, A.-C., Josi, R., Liu, X., Tars, K., Kopf, M., Vogel, M., & Bachmann, M. F. (2025). Versatile and Scalable Nanoparticle Vaccine as a Scaffold Against Newly Emerging Influenza Viruses. Viruses, 17(9), 1165. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091165

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